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综合治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效研究

2017-04-01安福成

中国全科医学 2017年9期
关键词:呼吸衰竭通气住院

安福成

·论著·

综合治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效研究

安福成

目的 观察综合治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法 选取2011年7月—2013年8月北京市门头沟区医院收治的90例老年COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者。按照随机数字表法将患者分为3组,即无创组、序贯组、综合治疗组,各30例。3组患者在常规治疗的基础上分别给予无创通气治疗、有创-无创序贯通气治疗和综合治疗。检测3组患者治疗前和治疗后4 h、2 d、12 d的急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、克里斯(CRIS)评分、呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、动脉血气分析〔动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)〕、白细胞计数(WBC)。治疗后记录3组患者肺部感染控制(PIC)窗出现时间、有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率及住院病死率。检测患者入院时及治疗后30 d日间自主呼吸状态下第1秒末用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气容积(FVC),比较患者肺通气功能〔FEV1占预计值百分比(FEV1%)、FEV1/FVC〕。结果 序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC低于无创组,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d PaO2高于无创组,综合治疗组治疗后12 d PaO2高于无创组(P<0.05);综合治疗组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、PaCO2、WBC低于序贯组,PaO2高于序贯组,综合治疗组治疗后2 d HR低于序贯组(P<0.05)。3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗前,PaO2分别高于本组治疗前,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后4 h WBC分别低于本组治疗前(P<0.05);3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、PaCO2分别低于本组治疗后4 h,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后4 h,3组治疗后12 d RR、HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h(P<0.05);3组治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗后2 d,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后2 d(P<0.05)。序贯组有创通气时间、VAP发生率大于无创组,总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间小于无创组(P<0.05);综合治疗组有创通气时间、VAP发生率大于无创组,总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间小于无创组(P<0.05);综合治疗组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、VAP发生率小于序贯组(P<0.05)。序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC大于无创组(P<0.05);综合治疗组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC大于序贯组(P<0.05)。3组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC均大于本组入院时(P<0.05)。结论 综合治疗对老年COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效优于无创通气治疗、有创-无创序贯通气治疗方式,其有助于改善患者肺功能,缩短机械通气时间、住院时间,进而降低患者的病死率。

肺疾病,慢性阻塞性;呼吸功能不全;无创通气治疗;有创-无创序贯通气治疗;综合治疗

安福成.综合治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效研究[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(9):1049-1054.[www.chinagp.net]

AN F C.Clinical efficacy observation of comprehensive therapy on patients with acute respiratory failure induced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(9):1049-1054.

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)属于慢性呼吸系统疾病的一种,是以气流受限为主要特征的肺部疾病,同时伴有对有害气体或者颗粒物的异常炎性反应。当前,COPD发病率高,且患者肺功能进行性下降,其生活质量及寿命受到严重影响[1]。近年来国内外已将有创通气治疗、无创通气治疗、有创-无创序贯通气治疗、综合治疗(包括纤维支气管镜吸痰,联合雾化吸入异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇和布地奈德)等治疗方式应用于COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的治疗[2]。研究显示,长期家庭无创通气治疗稳定期COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效良好,减少了患者COPD急性发作[3]。但对综合治疗与无创通气治疗和有创-无创序贯通气治疗疗效的比较鲜有报道。因此,本研究采用前瞻性队列研究方法对无创通气治疗、有创-无创序贯通气治疗、综合治疗的疗效进行比较,评价综合治疗在COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者中的治疗价值,为临床治疗提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 纳入标准 满足中华医学会呼吸病学会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组制定的COPD急性加重和呼吸衰竭的诊断标准[4]。

1.2 排除标准 (1)肝肾功能不全的患者;(2)患有原发性心脏疾病者;(3)有机械通气禁忌证的患者;(4)头面部有创伤或者鼻咽部异常而无法进行无创通气治疗的患者;(5)患有中枢神经系统疾病而无法配合治疗的患者。

1.3 一般资料 选取2011年7月—2013年8月北京市门头沟区医院收治的90例老年COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者。按照随机数字表法将患者分为3组,即无创组、序贯组、综合治疗组,各30例。其中无创组男17例、女13例,平均年龄(69.2±6.0)岁,平均体质量(63.0±14.2)kg,平均COPD病程(7.6±3.2)年;序贯组男19例、女11例,平均年龄(71.5±5.3)岁,平均体质量(67.0±12.5)kg,平均COPD病程(7.5±4.1)年;综合治疗组男16例、女14例,平均年龄(70.8±4.4)岁,平均体质量(64.6±13.1)kg,平均COPD病程(7.8±3.9)年。各组患者性别、年龄、体质量、COPD病程比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.638,P=0.727;F=1.500,P=0.229;F=0.690,P=0.505;F=0.050,P=0.952)。

1.4 治疗方法 3组患者均给予抗感染、解痉平喘、支气管扩张药物、糖皮质激素、维持水电解质平衡等常规治疗,并预防或治疗肺动脉高压。无创组:在常规治疗的基础上,采用凯迪泰无创呼吸机进行辅助通气,通气模式为压力支持通气(PSV)加呼气末正压通气(PEEP)。根据患者的病情设置各项参数:PSV从8~10 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)逐渐增加到15~20 cm H2O,PEEP从4 cm H2O逐渐增加到6~7 cm H2O,呼吸频率(RR)为8~14次/min,待患者病情好转后逐渐下调压力和减少使用时间,直到终止无创通气。序贯组:在常规治疗的基础上实施气管插管机械通气,模式为同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+PSV+PEEP。当出现肺部感染控制(PIC)窗时给予拔管处理,再继续使用无创呼吸机辅助通气,直至脱机。综合治疗组:在常规治疗的基础上,进行有创-无创序贯通气治疗,并在气管插管12 h内利用纤维支气管镜对患者进行吸痰处理,另外利用超声联合雾化吸入异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇及布地奈德等药物。

1.5 观察指标

1.5.1 治疗前后各临床指标 检测3组患者治疗前和治疗后4 h、2 d、12 d的急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、克里斯(CRIS)评分、RR、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、动脉血气分析〔动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)〕、白细胞计数(WBC)。

1.5.2 治疗后有关指标 治疗后记录3组患者PIC窗出现时间、有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率及住院病死率。

1.5.3 肺通气功能 检测患者入院时及治疗后30 d日间自主呼吸状态下第1秒末用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气容积(FVC),比较患者肺通气功能〔FEV1占预计值百分比(FEV1%)、FEV1/FVC〕。

2 结果

2.1 治疗前后各临床指标比较 不同治疗方法与时间间存在交互作用(P<0.05)。组间APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、MAP、PaO2、PaCO2、WBC比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC低于无创组,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d PaO2高于无创组,综合治疗组治疗后12 d PaO2高于无创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);综合治疗组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、PaCO2、WBC低于序贯组,PaO2高于序贯组,综合治疗组治疗后2 d HR低于序贯组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同时间间APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、MAP、PaO2、PaCO2、WBC比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗前,PaO2分别高于本组治疗前,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后4 h WBC分别低于本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、PaCO2分别低于本组治疗后4 h,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后4 h,3组治疗后12 d RR、HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗后2 d,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后2 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。

2.2 治疗后有关指标比较 3组PIC窗出现时间、住院病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、VAP发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。序贯组有创通气时间、VAP发生率大于无创组,总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间小于无创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);综合治疗组有创通气时间、VAP发生率大于无创组,总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间小于无创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);综合治疗组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、VAP发生率小于序贯组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表2)。

表1 3组治疗前后各临床指标比较

注:与无创组比较,aP<0.05;与序贯组比较,bP<0.05;与治疗前比较,cP<0.05;与治疗后4 h比较,dP<0.05;与治疗后2 d比较,eP<0.05;APACHEⅡ=急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ,CRIS评分=克里斯评分,RR=呼吸频率,HR=心率,MAP=平均动脉压,PaO2=动脉血氧分压,PaCO2=动脉血二氧化碳分压,WBC=白细胞计数

表2 3组治疗后有关指标比较

注:a为χ2值;与无创组比较,bP<0.05;与序贯组比较,cP<0.05;PIC窗=肺部感染控制窗,VAP=呼吸机相关肺炎

2.3 肺通气功能比较 3组入院时FEV1%、FEV1/FVC比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC大于无创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);综合治疗组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC大于序贯组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC均大于本组入院时,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表3)。

表3 3组肺通气功能比较

注:与无创组比较,aP<0.05;与序贯组比较,bP<0.05;与入院时比较,cP<0.05;FEV1%=第1秒末用力呼气容积占预计值百分比,FEV1=第1秒末用力呼气容积,FVC=最大呼气容积

3 讨论

COPD是以气流受限为特征的慢性呼吸系统疾病,COPD并发呼吸衰竭时,患者气道阻力增高,内源性呼气末正压形成,使呼吸耗能增加进而呼吸肌疲劳,致使机体缺氧,机体PaO2下降,PaCO2升高,并出现意识障碍,严重时会危及生命[5]。近年来,无创通气治疗在呼吸衰竭方面表现出了良好的效果,引起人们的广泛关注[6]。然而,无创通气治疗仍有一些缺点及不足,如不能解决痰栓问题,不能保证有效通气量,无法完全代替自主呼吸,无法保证较高的吸氧浓度等[7]。

本研究结果显示,3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗前,PaO2分别高于本组治疗前,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后4 h WBC分别低于本组治疗前,3组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、PaCO2分别低于本组治疗后4 h,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后4 h,3组治疗后12 d RR、HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h,序贯组、综合治疗组治疗后2 d HR、WBC分别低于本组治疗后4 h,3组治疗后12 d APACHEⅡ评分、CRIS评分、RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC分别低于本组治疗后2 d,PaO2分别高于本组治疗后2 d。表明3种治疗方法均可改善患者临床指标,而有创-无创序贯通气治疗改善患者临床指标的时间较无创治疗短,综合治疗又较有创-无创序贯通气治疗短。

有研究表明,有创-无创序贯通气治疗会减少有创通气治疗的相关并发症及时间[8],但有创-无创序贯通气治疗是否优于无创通气治疗,尚未见相关报道。因此,本研究对比了有创-无创序贯通气治疗与无创通气治疗对COPD的作用,结果显示,序贯组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、HR、PaCO2、WBC低于无创组,治疗后2 d PaO2高于无创组;序贯组总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、VAP发生率小于无创组;序贯组治疗后30 d FEV1、FEV1/FVC大于无创组。表明有创-无创序贯通气治疗在临床疗效、患者预后方面优于无创通气治疗。序贯组VAP发生率高于无创组。而周泽云等[9]研究表明,序贯机械通气组的VAP发生率(5.1%)明显低于无创通气组(23.5%),可能与有创-无创序贯通气治疗的机械通气时间不一致有关。

COPD在临床中经常存在电解质紊乱、营养不良、循环功能障碍及低氧血症等,容易引起呼吸衰竭,且病死率高[10]。尤其是老年COPD患者,中枢神经系统抑制和呼吸肌疲劳等导致痰无法咳出,易在肺部形成痰栓而引起肺部感染,而引流通畅可控制肺部感染。有研究表明,纤维支气管镜吸痰会缩短使用抗生素的时间,可以促进炎症阴影的消退;其次,雾化吸入激素(布地奈德)可以产生局部抗炎作用,β2受体激动剂(沙丁胺醇)可松弛支气管平滑肌,改善黏液纤毛功能,具有一定的抗炎作用,抗胆碱药物(异丙托溴铵)可以减少黏液分泌,具有平喘的效果。抗胆碱药物(异丙托溴铵)联合应用短效β2受体激动剂(沙丁胺醇)及糖皮质激素(布地奈德)可以明显改善肺功能,且降低治疗成本[11]。因此,本研究采用综合治疗方法来治疗老年COPD患者,结果显示,综合治疗组治疗后2 d和治疗后12 d RR、PaCO2、WBC低于序贯组,PaO2高于序贯组,治疗后2 d HR低于序贯组;综合治疗组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、VAP发生率小于序贯组;综合治疗组治疗后30 d FEV1%、FEV1/FVC大于序贯组。表明综合治疗的疗效优于有创-无创序贯通气治疗,其可改善患者预后,且在一定程度上降低治疗成本。

综上所述,综合治疗对老年COPD所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效优于无创通气治疗、有创-无创序贯通气治疗,值得临床推荐。本研究局限性在于样本例数较少,治疗后观察时间不长,缺乏随访调查研究,具体的治疗机制效果尚不清楚,将在下一步研究中深入分析。

本文无利益冲突。

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(本文编辑:崔丽红)

Clinical Efficacy Observation of Comprehensive Therapy on Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Induced by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

ANFu-cheng

DepartmentofPneumology,BeijingMentougouDistrictHospital,Beijing102300,China

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of comprehensive therapy on patients with acute respiratory failure induced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods Ninety patients with acute respiratory failure induced by COPD who were admitted into Beijing Mentougou District Hospital from July 2011 to August 2013 were enrolled in the study.Using random number table,the patients were divided into non-invasive therapy group,sequential therapy group and comprehensive therapy group,with 30 patients in each group.The three groups were given non-invasive ventilation therapy,invasive and non-invasive ventilation sequential therapy and comprehensive therapy respectively based on conventional treatment.Before treatment,and 4 h,2 d and 12 d after treatment,APACHEⅡ score,CRIS score,RR,HR,MAP,results of arterial blood gas analysis (PaO2and PaCO2) and WBC of the three groups were recorded.After treatment,the occurrence time of pulmonary infection control (PIC) window,the occurrence time of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP),duration of invasive ventilation,total duration of mechanical ventilation,length of stay in ICU,total length of hospitalization,the incidence of VAP and the case fatality rate during hospitalization were recorded.Before admission and 30 days after treatment,FEV1and FVC of the patients in spontaneous breathing state were measured,and comparison was made among the three groups in FEV1% and FEV1/FVC.Results On 2 d and 12 d after treatment,sequential therapy group and comprehensive therapy group were lower in RR,HR,PaCO2and WBC than non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05);on 2 d after treatment,sequential therapy group and comprehensive therapy group were higher in PaO2than non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05);on 12 d after treatment,comprehensive therapy group was higher in PaO2than non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05);on 2 d and 12 d after treatment,comprehensive therapy group was lower in RR,PaCO2and WBC and higher in PaO2than sequential therapy group (P<0.05);on 2 d after treatment,comprehensive therapy group was lower than sequential therapy group in HR (P<0.05).On 2 d and 12 d after treatment,APACHEⅡ score,CRIS score,RR,HR,PaCO2and WBC of the three groups were lower than those before treatment,and PaO2of the three groups was higher than that before treatment (P<0.05);at 4 h after treatment,WBC of sequential therapy group and comprehensive therapy group was lower than that before treatment (P<0.05);on 2 d and 12 d after treatment,APACHEⅡ score,CRIS score and PaCO2of the three groups were lower than those at 4 h after treatment,and PaO2of the three groups was higher than that at 4 h after treatment (P<0.05);on 12 d after treatment,RR,HR and WBC of the three groups were lower than those at 4 h after treatment (P<0.05);on 2 d after treatment,HR and WBC of sequential therapy group and comprehensive group were lower than those at 4 h after treatment (P<0.05);on 12 d after treatment,APACHEⅡ score,CRIS score,RR,HR,PaCO2and WBC of the three groups were lower than those on 2 d after treatment (P<0.05);on 12 d after treatment,PaO2of the three groups was higher than that on 2 d after treatment (P<0.05).Duration of invasive ventilation,and the incidence of VAP of sequential therapy group were higher than those of non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05);total duration of mechanical ventilation,length of stay in ICU,and total length of hospitalization of sequential therapy group were lower than those of non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05).Duration of invasive ventilation,and the incidence of VAP of comprehensive group were higher than those of non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05);total duration of mechanical ventilation,length of stay in ICU,and total length of hospitalization of comprehensive group were lower than those of non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05).Duration of invasive ventilation,total duration of mechanical ventilation,length of stay in ICU,total length of hospitalization,and the incidence of VAP of comprehensive group were lower than those of sequential therapy group (P<0.05).On 30 d after treatment,FEV1% and FEV1/FVC of sequential therapy group and comprehensive therapy group were higher than those of non-invasive therapy group (P<0.05).On 30 d after treatment,FEV1% and FEV1/FVC of comprehensive therapy group were higher than those of sequential therapy group (P<0.05).On 30 d after treatment,FEV1% and FEV1/FVC of the three groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of comprehensive therapy on acute respiratory failure induced by COPD is better than non-invasive therapy and invasive and non-invasive ventilation sequential therapy.The comprehensive therapy could improve the lung function,shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and hospitalization,thus reducing mortality.

Pulmonary disease,chronic obstructive;Respiratory insufficiency;Non-invasive therapy;Invasive and non-invasive sequential therapy;Comprehensive therapy

R 563 R 563.8

A

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.09.006

2016-07-29;

2017-01-04)

102300 北京市门头沟区医院呼吸科

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