合理运用教材,备战2017高考
2017-03-28徐鸿鸣
徐鸿鸣
自从多个省市加盟全国卷英语高考以来,关于现行高中英语教材在高三复习备考过程中的取舍以及运用问题一直困惑着广大考生。
教材作为语言的载体,无论何时何地都有其存在的理由。问题是复习备考时需要合理使用,才能充分利用好教材的作用,借以帮助和指导自己的备考。
一、教材与高考
首先得向广大考生解释一种观点:普遍认为全国卷高考命题从来不会依据于某一种版本的教材,因为全国各地所使用的教材版本不统一,因而觉得教材与高考联系不大,完全可以抛掉。这一观点肯定是错误的。事实上无论哪一种版本的教材都是按照《新课程标准》(以下简称《新课标》)的要求编制而成。《新课标》针对外语教学的听力、阅读、语法、写作等都有明确的教学目标和测试标准及要求。因此无论哪种教材,其语言教学目标和对测试标准的导向都是一样的。而高考作为我国目前最主要的一项高等学校选拔考试手段也是严格依照《新课标》对各项语言知识及能力的测试标准来命题的。
高考命题依据的第二个纲领性文件是《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》(以下简称《考纲》)。《考纲》中明确规定了高考考查的话题项目、功能意念项目、语法项目以及词汇表。而教材中每一单元的话题及词汇与《考纲》中所规定的话题项目和词汇表是一致的。而每一个话题都有相关的词汇、知识以及常用的语言表达方式。英语高考的篇章材料选取必须在《考纲》所限制的话题项目内选择,不会超越《考纲》。
通过对近年来英语高考试卷的分析,可以发现试卷中对所有的语言知识的考查,包括语音、词汇、句型、语法、话题项目、功能意念等无一不出自初高中英语教材。如2016年全国卷I各个题型话题与教材的对应:
除了这些阅读篇章所涉及的题材外,听力部分所涉及的话题:购物、请求帮助、抱怨、点菜及订酒店、询问、安排与计划、求职就业等话题无不被包含在教材中所出现的功能意念话题中。
二、合理使用教材
高三复习备考期间,抱着教材不放,一个一个单元地阅读、记忆、做练习肯定是不现实的,也是不正确的。由于高考英语命题的词汇、语法、话题及功能意念项目全部出自现行教材,把教材作为高考试卷语言考点的载体及出处,合理吸取资源并对部分资源进行归纳整合,借以充实复习备考内容、强化备考效果才是明智之举。
(一) 以教材单元为单位,一单元一话题,一话题一语法项目
教材中的每一個单元都有一个独立的话题,而这个话题与《考纲》中规定的话题是一致的,如人教版必修一的五个单元分别对应《考纲》中的家庭、朋友与周围的人,语言学习,旅游和交通,自然,及个人情况/个人感情。
以每一单元话题为主题,编写短文,词数200词左右,文章内容必须包含本单元所有新学词汇、短语。文章虽可虚构,但必须保证词汇运用准确,语句通顺、流畅,精准且富有变化,不能仅仅为了运用到本单元的词汇而写出一些无厘头的、虚无缥缈的荒唐作品来。如人教版必修一第一单元的话题是朋友,可编写以下短文,并可设成语法填空,复习动词用法。
A good friend in learning English
1 (hide) behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager 2 (pack) up his overcoat into the suitcase. He planned 3
(leave) home at dusk though there was thunder and lightning outdoors. He had got to do this because he was 4 (tire) of his parents chattering about his English study and 5
not want to go through it any longer. He couldnt get along well with English and disliked 6
(join) in English classes because he thought his teacher ignored him on purpose. As a result, his score in each exam never added up to over 60.
His partner 7 (concern) about him very much. She understood exactly what he
8 (suffer) from, but entirely disagreed with his idea. In order to calm him down and settle his problem, she talked with him face to face and swapped a series of learning tips with him. The items she set down helped him find the highway to 9 (study) English well.
The teenager 10 (be) grateful and got great power from his friends words. Now, he has recovered from being upset and has fallen in love with English.
【解析】1. Hiding。考查非谓语动词。根据结构可知此处应为分词作状语,因为hide的主语就是后面句中主语a teenager,为主动关系,故使用现在分词。
2. packed。考查时态。根据下文中的planned及全文时态可知,此处应为一般过去时。
3. to leave。考查非谓语动词。plan to do sth为固定结构,必须使用动词不定式。
4. tired。考查非谓语动词/形容词。be tired of为固定短语,表示“厌烦……”,故必须使用形容词化的过去分詞。
5. did。考查助动词。根据句子结构可知此处为否定式,表示“不想再这样下去”,应加上did,与后面的not构成一般过去时的否定式。
6. joining。dislike“不喜欢”后面必须跟动词-ing形式。
7. was concerned。be concerned about是固定短语,表示“担心,担忧,关心”,应使用过去分词形式。
8. was suffering。考查时态。此处表示他目前正在经历的痛苦,应使用过去进行时。
9. studying。考查非谓语动词。根据上文中的“find the highway to...”可知此处to为介词,表示“通往……的道路”,故后面动词应用动词-ing形式。
10. was。考查时态/主谓一致。根据上下文可知,此处应为一般过去时,且主语为单数第三人称形式,故应使用was。
本短文涵盖了Unit 1中所有新出现的词汇,所设空格考查了英语高考中的动词主要考点,包括动词时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、助动词等。
(二)整理与话题相关的词汇、句型结构以及范文
由于教材里的话题与《考纲》中的话题是相一致的,而这些话题是高考各大题型题材选择的依据,应适当归纳整理与话题相关的词汇和句型结构进行专门训练。如人教版必修一第二单元的话题为语言学习,可积累以下语块:
话题词汇(略)
话题佳句:1. My hard work pays off, and I am quite proud of what I have achieved in English.我的努力没有白费,我为自己在英语方面所取得的进步感到非常骄傲。
2. In the competition for a well?paid job, the one who can speak fluent English has an advantage over those who cannot.在找一份好工作的竞争中,讲英语流利的人会比不会说英语的人有优势。
3. By learning English we can broaden our mental horizons and increase our knowledge in various fields.通过学英语我们能够开阔我们的精神视野,增加我们在各领域的知识。
4. They think learning English is one of the demands of modern society and will do good to our future career.他们认为学习英语是现代社会的要求之一,将对我们未来的职业有益。
5. We are supposed to learn English well because having a good command of English means more opportunities in the future.我们理应学好英语,因为精通英语意味着在将来有更多的机会。
6. Study is very important for every individual because we have to acquire new and advanced knowledge to keep pace with the rapid development of science and technology.学习对每个人来说都非常重要,因为为了跟上科技的快速发展,我们必须获得新的、先进的知识。
7. There are several tips on how to learn English well. Firstly, you should spare no effort to read interesting English news, which can help you increase your interest in English.有几条学好英语的建议。首先,你应当不遗余力地阅读有趣的英语新闻,这有助于增加你对英语的兴趣。
8. Firstly, I always take part in the English corner where I often exchange my English study experience with others, which broadens my horizons and improves my interest in English.首先,我总是参加英语角,在那里我经常和其他人交流学习英语的经验,这拓宽了我的视野,提高了我对英语的兴趣。
话题范文:
Dear Ms. Li,
I am very happy to have you as our English teacher.
With the world becoming a global village, English is getting more and more important. So mastering English means we can see the world through a new window.
My English is just OK and the two main problems in my study are that I feel it difficult to learn words by heart, and that I often feel nervous when speaking English. I really hope that you can give me good advice on how to memorize new words. Besides, would you give us more chances to practise speaking? I believe we can make much progress in English with you teaching us.
Thank you!
Yours,
Li Hua
(三)歸类功能意念话题语块
《考纲》中列有11个功能意念(社会交往、态度、情感、时间、空间、特征、计量、比较、逻辑关系、职业),每一个功能下又有具体项目,总共68个项目。这68个项目渗透在教材中的课文和每一个单元后面的功能话题之中。这些项目与“话题项目”是相辅相成的,在英语高考试卷的每种题型中都可能出现。比如,听力本身就是一种真实的情景交际,这里每一个功能意念都有可能出现在听力考查中,高考听力的话题不会超越这68个项目;又如,完形填空主要考查实词,即动词、名词、形容词、副词等,而这11个功能意念中许多都有可能出现在选项中;此外,书面表达离不开篇章逻辑,而逻辑关系正是功能意念之一,其中所包含的原因和结果、目的两个项目的相关词汇都是写作可能用到的。因此,归纳整理功能意念相关的语块可谓意义重大。如表示“情感”的语块:
令某人开心/吃惊/失望的是to ones delight/joy/surprise/disappointment,某人生气be angry with sb,为……而担心be worried about,对……感到惊讶be surprised at sth,对某人感到失望be disappointed at sb,对……感到满足be satisfied with,对……感到抱歉be sorry for...,以……为豪be proud of,满腔怒火be filled with anger,急于做某事be anxious to do sth,高兴地做某事be delighted to do,感动流泪be touched to tears,被吓死be scared to death,突然大哭/大笑burst into tears/laughter,情不自禁地做某事cant help doing,担心care about,埋怨complain about,渴望某人做某事long for sb to do sth,盼望做某事look forward to doing sth,期盼/希望做某事expect/wish to do sth,对做某事有强烈的愿望have a strong desire to do sth,对……有乐观的态度have an optimistic attitude towards...,面带笑容with a smile on ones face,给……留下印象make an impression on sb,失去信心/建立自信lose heart/build confidence。
(四)教材中的经典文章仍然需要精读甚至背诵
高中教材中的文章大都原汁原味,甚至有的文章出自国外著名作家及大师之手,这些文章仍然需要认真阅读,甚至背诵,并记忆文中相关佳句或段落。