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不定代词考点梳理

2017-03-23徐圆

高中生学习·高二版 2017年3期
关键词:指人单数复数

徐圆

高考试题对不定代词的考查,主要在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错中体现。不定代词指代不特定的名词或形容词,可分为复合不定代词和兼作形容词的不定代词两类。

兼作形容词的不定代词的代表词汇有all,each,both,either,every,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no,(a) few,(a) little,both等,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语。

复合不定代词由some-/any-/every-与-body/-one/-thing构成,如someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,none,nobody,nothing,everyone,everybody,everything,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。

1. both,all,either,neither,none,any

Its an either-or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do both.

2. none,nothing,nobody/no one

none指人或物,意思相当于“no+前述名词”,可用于回答how many, how much的提问,后面可接of短语。

nothing指物,表示“什么东西都没有”,可回答what的提问,后面不能接of短语。

no one/nobody指人,表示“一个人也没有”,可回答who的提问,后面不能接of短语。

—If you dont mind, may I ask you how much money you have?

—Well, to be honest, I have none.

Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.

It was a prison from which no one escaped.

3. any与every

“any+(单数、复数、不可数)名词”表示“(三个及以上中)任意一个”。

every+名词表示“(三个或三个以上中的)每一个”。

not any表示全部否定,而“not every+名词”表示部分否定。没有any ... not这样的用法。

注意:any可单独使用,而every不能单独使用,只能作定语。

Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer any of them.

Little did he realize that we were watching his every move.

4. other,another,the other,others,the others

other是形容词,不能单独使用,必须与冠词或名词连用,或用others;

another=an+other,表示没有具体限定的、泛指的“另外一个”时用“another(+单数名词/数词+复数名词)”;

the other表示有具体限定的两者中的“另外那个/那些”,用the other(+单/复数名词);

others相当于“other+复数名词”,表示泛指其他的/别的人或物;

the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,表示有具体范围限定的“其他的人或物”。

To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.

Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.

Now lets move on to another topic. Do you follow me?

5. 全部否定與部分否定

all,both,everybody,everything以及“every+名词”表示全部肯定;

none,neither,no one,nobody,nothing,not ... any以及“no+名词”表示全部否定;

当表示全部肯定的句子中出现了not时,不管not在这些代词之前(not all/both/everybody,etc),还是在谓语动词(包括be动词)部分(all/both/everybody ... not),表示的都部分否定。另外,not与总括性的副词如always,wholly,altogether,everywhere等连用时也表示部分否定。如:

The smile does not always means that we are truly happy, however.

Not all cultures use the handshake for greeting.

6. many,much,a little,little,a few,few

这几个不定代词兼作形容词,其中,many接复数名词,much接不可数名词,a little接不可数名词表示肯定含义,little接不可数名词表示否定含义,a few接复数名词表示肯定含义,few接复数名词表示否定含义。

例1 (2016·全国卷II) It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.

解析 many→much。语境的“这花不了多少钱”表示不可数含义,应该用代词much表示不可数的替代。

例2 (2015·全国卷I) Much rare animals are dying out.

解析 Much→Many。语境主语是复数名词animals,应该用many修饰。

7. 复合不定代词的用法

复合不定代词包括everything/everyone/everybody,something/someone/somebody,anything/anyone/anybody,nothing/no one/nobody。它们在句中可作主语或表语,不能作定语。使用复合不定代词要注意下面几点:

(1)与some和any的区别一样,some构成的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句,any构成的复合不定代词一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件句;在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的疑问句中通常用some构成的复合不定代词,表示希望得到肯定回答;any构成的复合不定代词也可以用于肯定句中表示“任何人”“任何事(物)”。如:

An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved.

Did anybody/anyone call this morning?

例3 (2015·陕西卷) My soccer coach retired in last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.

解析 anything→something。语境表示“我想为他做点什么事”,表示肯定含义用something。

(2)由any,some,no,every与one,body构成的不定代词,都是第三人称指人,没有性别区别,作主语时谓语一般用单数形式,相应的人称代词和物主代词可用he/she,him/her,his/her,they/them/their等。如:

Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.

(3)由any,some,no,every与thing构成的不定代词作主语时谓语只能用单数形式,相应的人称代词只能用it指物。如:

Everything is ready, isnt it?

(4)-one和-body構成的复合不定代词anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,后面不能接of短语;若要指物或接表示范围的of短语时则用any one, every one等(分开写)。如:

Every one of the windows was broken.

He shook hands with every one of the students.

8. 与复合不定代词构成的习惯短语

nothing but 仅仅;只不过

anything but 绝对不

something of 达到某种程度;俨然像

or something 或诸如此类的事物

for nothing 不要钱;免费

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