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重症急性胰腺炎临床治疗的研究进展

2017-03-08刘玉珍综述吕志武审校

胃肠病学和肝病学杂志 2017年5期
关键词:胰管病死率胰腺

刘玉珍 综述, 吕志武 审校

哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院消化内科,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086

重症急性胰腺炎临床治疗的研究进展

刘玉珍 综述, 吕志武 审校

哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院消化内科,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是胰腺的急性炎症状态,可能涉及胰腺周围组织或远隔器官系统。其中,重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)是一种病情凶险、并发症多、预后差、病死率较高的急腹症,其总体病死率为20%。SAP患者一旦发生器官衰竭及感染性坏死,病死率则分别提高到30%和32%,且通常在1周内死亡。目前对SAP的治疗临床上强调个性化综合治疗,应首先采用内科保守治疗,并针对不同情况合理选择微创或手术治疗。本文就近年来SAP的临床治疗进展作一概述。

重症急性胰腺炎;内科治疗;微创治疗

目前对重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)的治疗手段多且较成熟。内镜下治疗胰腺疾病的技术在不断发展,内镜下置入胰管支架在许多胰腺疾病中发挥重要作用,且与之相关的技术在不断改进与提高。近来许多胰腺疾病在ERCP或超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)技术下成功治愈,已开拓广阔的前景。

1 内科治疗

1.1 补液,维持有效血容量 早期液体复苏是治疗的基石,在发病后的12~24 h内行液体复苏最有益,且在72 h内进行可降低全身炎症反应综合征及器官衰竭的发生率。过多的液体复苏可致腹内高压及腹腔室隔综合征。快速稀释增加了脓毒症的风险及住院病死率。美国胃肠病学会建议:乳酸格林氏液是首选的等渗晶体液,250~500 ml/h。然而,美国胰腺协会和国际协会建议补液速度为5~10 ml·kg-1·h-1[1]。日本指南建议:“短时快速”补液,150~600 ml/h以纠正休克并过渡到130~150 ml/h[2]。胶体可以减少复苏所需的总体积,但有严重脓毒症和感染性休克者不推荐使用[3]。羟乙基淀粉酶与生理盐水相比增加肾脏替代治疗的风险[4]。心率<120次/min;Hct: 35%~44%;MAP: 65~85 mmHg及尿量>0.5~1 ml·kg-1·h-1可作为复苏的终点。

1.2 营养支持 危重患者有营养不良的风险应尽早行营养支持[5]。在SAP中,基于饥饿的经口进食是安全的,无需症状消失及生化指标正常。研究表明,维护肠道屏障功能和时机对SAP患者的恢复至关重要。早期肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)可能以两种方式降低感染并发症:(1)EN与全胃肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)相比可降低导管相关感染;(2)EN可维持肠黏膜屏障的完整性,减少24 h内小肠细菌移位。早期EN明显减少相关感染及高血糖(证据不够充分)的发生,降低了病死率及住院时间。Qin等[6]发现早期EN组CRP水平明显降低,且Wu等[7]称SAP患者行早期EN可使较高水平的CRP在短时间内恢复正常。而肺部并发症无显著性差异。所以,EN越来越被提倡,但时机仍有争议。Petrov等[8]发现,SAP患者入院后48 h内行EN比晚期EN或TPN明显降低多器官功能衰竭、胰腺感染并发症发生率/病死率。而在48 h后行EN未有明显减少并发症,但证据不足。总之,目前研究明确表明,SAP患者早期行EN优于TPN,但对是否越早进行EN越好的证据不足。EN的途经可经胃或幽门后。目前推荐的胃喂养速度为10 ml/h,且每小时增加10 ml,直到每小时提供胃残存量<250 ml[5]。

1.3 抗生素治疗 胰腺感染坏死是SAP患者死亡的主要原因,肠道功能障碍和肠道细菌移位是感染的主要机制,且在发病后的72 h。胰腺感染的发生在第1个24 h内从33%上升到75%,在48 h及96 h内差异有统计学意义。感染的峰值多在发病后的第3~4周。目前最主要的问题是抗生素的适应证、选择及治疗时间[9]。几个前瞻性试验表明,使用抗生素与不使用者相比显著降低胰腺感染坏死及脓毒症的发生率[10-12]。因此,建议所有SAP患者使用广谱抗生素。对于轻症AP不推荐使用。最近的文章倾向于建议避免预防性使用抗生素[13]。Iganatavicius等[14]认为,预防性使用抗生素不影响病死率,但可能会减少介入及手术治疗。CT显示胰腺坏死30%者应考虑预防性使用抗生素,使用7~14 d。β内酰胺类优于喹诺酮类,奎诺酮和甲硝唑对减少胰腺感染及降低住院病死率无益。只有亚胺培南可以显著减少胰腺感染性坏死。总之,到目前为止还没有证据表明SAP患者应常规预防性使用抗生素。

1.4 蛋白酶抑制剂 蛋白酶抑制剂在治疗轻症AP到SAP中的作用仍不明确,尽管之前的研究表明其可以降低边界病死率。一个随机对照试验表明,连续区域动脉蛋白酶抑制剂灌注治疗对SAP或急性坏死性AP有效[15-17]。另一项研究对1 036个总样本量进行综合分析发现,蛋白酶抑制剂对预防SAP相关死亡有效,且能有效预防胰腺假性囊肿、腹腔内囊肿、肠梗阻及外科干预。但不能明显改善临床结果及明显降低死亡风险[18]。与甲磺酸加贝酯相比较,蛋白酶抑制剂能有效减少呼吸衰竭、肾衰竭、消化道出血、代谢紊乱(细节未知)脓毒症及缺氧等并发症的发生。目前没有确凿的证据支持静脉使用蛋白酶抑制剂可预防SAP患者的死亡[19-21]。

1.5 质子泵抑制剂(PPI) PPI对SAP的疗效仍有争议。目前的一些研究表明PPI不影响SAP患者的临床结果[22]。使用PPI可能导致病死率增加且患者发生上消化道出血、器官衰竭及入ICU治疗的风险显著高于未使用者。Hackert等[23]发现,泮托拉唑对改善SAP患者的预后可能有关,因其可使血清脂肪酶活性下降,减轻胰腺的损伤程度,同时有一定的抑菌及抗炎作用,但不影响SAP的病程,如住院时间、开始进食及疼痛缓解的时间。Fettach等[24]认为,兰索拉唑能有效抑制胰腺外分泌腺,可能对胰腺疾病有益。PPI治疗SAP的效果可能与患者的条件有关,患者的病情也许会掩盖PPT对SAP的治疗效果。关于如何使用PPI及SAP患者使用PPI的效果需近一步研究。

2 内镜治疗

2.1 内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiepancreatography,ERCP)和十二指肠乳头肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST) 胆源性胰腺炎的发病机制尚不明确,通常认为胆结石导致Vater壶腹持久或短暂受压导致胰管内压力升高且胰酶在胰管内提前激活。胰腺炎是ERCP术后的常见并发症。急性胆源性胰腺炎(acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP)行ERCP可加重AP。ABP行ERCP治疗的作用及时机仍有争议。2013年版的“中国急性胰腺炎的诊断和治疗指南”建议内镜下鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和EST作为重症ABP开始发病的48~72 h内的标准治疗方法,胃肠减压、经空肠的EN和ENBD应同时进行[25]。有文献报道,ENBD后可应用三腔胃肠管(即胃肠减压管、空肠营养管作为一个管通过三腔胃肠管),患者耐受性好且利于SAP的恢复,因无早期并发症(如鼻腔溃疡或出血)可留置7~35 d[26]。美国胃肠病学会公布的新指南:ABP患者并发急性胆管炎24 h内可行ERCP治疗。一项荟萃分析表明,ABP患者早期行ERCP治疗可获益[27-28],而随后的文章认为,如患者不存在胆管炎行ERCP治疗无益,患者存在持续性胆总管结石则更适合行ERCP[29-31]。Neoptolemos等[32]研究表明ABP患者由内镜专家行ERCP治疗是安全的,重症ABP早期行ERCP治疗可减少并发症及住院时间。唐悦峰等[33]认为,EST可减少胆管炎和胰腺坏死的发生,降低ABP并发症发生率及病死率,且对血流动力学影响较小。但存在不足,EST破坏了乳头肌功能,造成胰液胆汁反流,加重胆管感染,术后可能存在瘢痕狭窄导致胆胰管出口阻塞。

2.2 胰管支架和鼻胰管引流(nasopancreatic drainage,NPD) 引流胰液可选择行NPD或放置胰管支架。二者利于修复胰管损伤防止炎症加重。放置胰管支架的并发症,如支架脱落、支架阻塞、支架移位、胰管损伤及早期感染阻塞。AP患者怀疑存在急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(acute obstructive suppurative pancreatic ductitis,AOSPD)需行引流操作时应首先考虑到NPD[34]。ABP患者早期行ERCP暂时性放置胰管支架与单独行EST及取石相比可明显减少并发症,改善临床结果[35]。

3 外科治疗

3.1 开腹手术 开腹手术是坏死组织清除使用最广泛的方法,术后并发症发生率34%~95%,且病死率为20%~60%。目前病死率减少了12%。其预后因素与SAP早期出现器官衰竭有关,出现越早病死率越高。Götzinger等[36]发现,3周内行开腹手术的病死率为46%,而3周后的病死率为25%。因此,SAP早期行开腹手术无益,延迟手术可明显改善预后,最好延迟到发病后的第4周。坏死越重,分隔越多,越应选择开腹手术。

3.2 经皮引流 Freeny等[37]首先提出,经皮引流是感染性坏死性胰腺炎的标准治疗策略,是发病前3周的一线治疗[38]。在行引流的大鼠模型中发现其能抑制炎症反应,减轻胰腺组织中COX-2和iNOS的表达,促进胰腺细胞凋亡,显著提高凋亡蛋白的表达,对胰腺的自我修复有益[39]。胰腺感染坏死单独使用经皮引流的有效率为40%。术后并发症及相关病死率分别为20%和28%[40]。常见并发症有腹腔出血、结肠穿孔、肠瘘及胰瘘。经皮引流方法有两种:(1)“升压方法”:主要目的是改善患者状态,延迟手术直到坏死出现更好的分隔。(2)“降压方法”:主要优点是一次性清除坏死组织。

3.3 腹膜后途径 多达88%的情况下,用此方法清除坏死组织则不需后期的开腹手术。总体病死率为17%,并发症发生率为46%。主要并发症有结肠瘘、胃十二指肠穿孔、肠瘘、胰瘘及腹膜后出血。此法主要适用于胰尾及胰周坏死,是当前临床实践中最常见的方法。1998年首次被Gamibez描述[41]。坏死组织在2周内被清除的病死率为75%,在症状出现后的4周可逐渐下降到5%[42]。

3.4 内窥镜方法 内窥镜是治疗感染坏死性胰腺炎有前途的方法。文献报道病死率减少5.6%,并发症发生率为28%。常见并发症有出血、腹腔穿孔和腹膜炎。此法仅用于无菌性坏死和炎症后的假性囊肿[43]。尽管通过十二指肠的方法已被描述,但实践中经胃的途径最常用,且于1996年被Baron等[43-44]首次提出。

3.5 腹腔镜方法 此方法最少使用。主要缺点是患者的病情必须稳定,且大网膜及肠系膜脂肪会阻碍镜子通过较小的囊或腹膜后腔。文献[40]报道,80%的患者行腹腔镜治疗后不需外科手术治疗,病死率接近10%。与传统的开腹手术相比,腹腔镜方法实现了较低的并发症发生率(特别是胰瘘肠瘘),降低了伤口感染率,缩短了住院时间[43-45]。总之,研究发现非手术方法清除胰腺坏死组织的预后优于手术方法。Uomo等[46]发现ABP行非手术治疗有22.5%的患者发生外分泌功能障碍,而Sabater等[47]发现25%的患者术后出现外分泌功能障碍,非手术组发生胰腺内分泌功能障碍低于手术组。手术组腹腔积液和复发(包括假性囊肿、胆管扩张及胰管狭窄)再入院明显高于非手术组。

4 其他方法

4.1 重组人可溶性血栓调节蛋白(recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin,RTM) RTM在SAP早期控制凝血异常,防止缺血发展为坏死。因其无出血等严重不良反应,在发生DIC时常用(已被日本医疗保险制度批准)。研究发现,使用RTM者胰腺坏死的发生率明显低于未使用者,并能明显改善预后[48]。

4.2 重组人活化蛋白C(human recombinant activated protein C,Xigris) 胰腺血管床的微血管血栓是胰腺坏死的调解员。Alsfasser等[49]发现,在SAP的动物中使用Xigris可减轻炎症并改善预后,且未增加出血风险。因此,SAP伴全身炎症反应及持续器官功能障碍者24 h输注Xigris是安全的,96 h的输液可出现胆红素升高,但需进一步研究[50]。

4.3 胰岛素 胰岛素通过刺激脂蛋白酶活性,从而降低甘油三酯转化为脂肪酸和甘油。使用胰岛素使血糖维持在<200 mg/L,患者腹痛、恶心及呕吐症状明显改善,3~4 d后脂肪酶及淀粉酶将至正常水平。其他降低血清甘油三酯水平的方法:血浆置换、载脂蛋白CⅡ及肝素[51]。

5 新的治疗策略

钙结合蛋白S100A12(calcium binding protein S100A12,S100A12)在中性粒细胞、血液及脑脊液等组织中表达,在炎症调节中起关键作用。Rouleau等[52]发现,小鼠静脉注射S100A12后促进骨髓细胞转移到外周血,活化的中性粒细胞使其到达炎症区域并释放大量细胞因子及炎症介质引起全身炎症反应。在SAP中S100A12明显增高,我们希望通过抑制其表达,中性粒细胞的过度激活将会被控制,从而减轻SAP的炎症反应。S100A12抗体可能是SAP的新的治疗策略[53]。

总之,目前SAP的治疗多采用内科保守治疗,虽然各种内科治疗的方法及药物的使用仍有争议,但已成熟应用于临床,且患者多好转出院。当今内镜技术在不断发展,且治疗效果显著,并越来越受欢迎。我们应不断提高诊疗技术,针对发病机制寻找治疗的突破口,关于目前治疗方法的利弊及时机仍需进一步研究。

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(责任编辑:李 健)

The progress of clinical treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

LIU Yuzhen, LV Zhiwu

Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammation of the pancreas, may be involved in pancreatic tissue around or distant organ system. Among them, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a serious disease, more complications, poor prognosis and high mortality rate of acute abdomen, the overall mortality rate of patients is 20%. When organ failure and septic necrosis occur, the mortality rates are increased to 30% and 32%, respectively, and the SAP patients usually die within a week. At present, SAP treatment emphasizes the individualized and comprehensive treatment, medicine conservative treatment should be used firstly, according to different situations, minimally invasive or surgical treatment should be chosen reasonably. This paper introduced a brief comprehensive clinical treatment on SAP in recent years.

Severe acute pancreatitis; Medical treatment; Minimally invasive treatment

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.05.030

刘玉珍,硕士研究生,研究方向:胰腺疾病。E-mail:934278005@qq.com

吕志武,硕士生导师,研究方向:胰腺疾病。E-mail:944377508@qq.com

R576

A

1006-5709(2017)05-0589-05

2016-07-06

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