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SDF—1/CXCR4轴与肿瘤转移研究进展

2017-03-06杨永于明薇杨国旺王笑民许炜茹

中国医药导报 2016年33期
关键词:趋化趋化因子受体

杨永 于明薇 杨国旺 王笑民 许炜茹

[摘要] 趋化因子及其受体被认为在肿瘤转移中发挥重要作用,SDF-1及其受体CXCR4目前研究较多。CXCR4在多种高转移肿瘤中高表达,SDF-1/CXCR4轴可激活多种信号通路,参与肿瘤的侵袭与转移,可提高细胞运动、迁移与侵袭能力,促进基质降解,细胞间黏附及血管生成。提示精准干预SDF-1/CXCR4轴从而抑制肿瘤转移,具有潜在临床应用前景。

[关键词] SDF-1/CXCR4;肿瘤转移;研究进展

[中图分类号] R73 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)11(c)-0034-05

Research progress of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and tumor metastasis

YANG Yong1 YU Mingwei2 YANG Guowang2 WANG Xiaomin2▲ XU Weiru2▲

1.Beiing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; 2.Department of Oncology, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China

[Abstract] Chemokines and their receptors are thought to play an important role in tumor metastasis. SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 are currently studied. CXCR4 is highly expressed in high metastatic tumors. SDF-1/CXCR4 axis can activate avariety of signaling pathways involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, which can enhance cell motility, migration and invasion ability, promote matrix degradation, cell adhesion and angiogenesis. It is suggested that the precision intervention of SDF-1/CXCR4 biological axis can inhibit tumor metastasis, which has potential clinical application prospects.

[Key words] SDF-1/CXCR4; Tumor metastasis; Research progress

趋化因子是细胞因子超家族中具有化学趋化性的单链小分子蛋白质(分子量8~10 kDa),能与G蛋白偶联受体结合,不仅参与血管生成、造血、胚胎发育等生理过程,因其能对嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞等多种细胞产生趋化作用,也在机体免疫反应、炎症及肿瘤发生中发挥作用。趋化因子根据半胱氨酸(Cys)残基和二硫键位置的不同分为4个亚类,C亚类(仅有一对二硫键)、CC亚类(二硫键间无氨基酸)、CXC亚类(插入一个氨基酸)和C3XC亚类(插入三个氨基酸残基)[1]。目前共发现50多种趋化因子和20余种趋化因子受体[2]。基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4就是其中研究较多的两个。CXCR4属于趋化因子受体CXC亚家族,1996年发现时被命名为Fusin,基因定位于人染色体2q21,是由352个高度保守的氨基酸组成的7次跨膜G蛋白偶联受体,通过胞外N端与配体SDF-1结合并启动下游信号通路[3]。CXCR4主要表达在外周血淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞、血管内皮细胞、神经元、肝脏干细胞等,可以非特异地与糖蛋白的硫酸肝素结合到细胞表面。SDF-1即CXCL12,属于CXC类趋化因子家族,基因定位于10号染色体长臂[4],基因编码区全长267bp,编码89个氨基酸多肽。SDF-1主要由骨髓基质分泌,具有趋化作用。SDF-1是CXCR4已知的唯一配体,分为SDF-1α和SDF-1β两个亚型。SDF-1与CXCR4两者亲和力高,两者结合后激活下游多条信号通路,调节细胞存活、迁移与侵袭等过程。此轴生物学功能主要可以概括为以下几个方面:①介导免疫及炎性反应;②调控造血干细胞迁移及归巢;③感染;④参与胚胎发育过程;⑤恶性肿瘤的浸润转移[5]。其在恶性肿瘤转移中的作用是近年研究热点,多项研究表明,SDF-1/CXCR4轴与肿瘤细胞增殖、浸润、迁移及侵袭等作用均有关,具有成为抑制肿瘤生长、转移重要靶目标的潜力。

1 SDF-1/CXCR4与肿瘤转移

1.1 SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路与肿瘤转移

SDF-1和CXCR4的相互作用激活各种细胞内信号转导通路和下游的效应分子,介导细胞的增殖、趋化、迁移和黏附,而这些过程在肿瘤转移中起重要作用。SDF-1与CXCR4触发多个信号转导通路可以调节细胞内钙离子流出,转录和细胞存活[6],如NF-κB、JAK/STAT、PI3K-AKT途径以及mTOR和JNK/p38 MAP。在与钙离子协同作用下,甘油二酯(DAG)激活蛋白激酶C和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),促进细胞迁移[7]。激活PI3K导致许多黏着斑成分的磷酸化,有助于重组肌动蛋白细胞骨架和做出有利于细胞迁移的变化。另外,JAK/STAT信号转导通路,可能与其他信号通路协同作用,促进细胞形态变化,导致趋化反应。目前认为,CXCR4和介导肿瘤细胞的致瘤性信号转导通路之间存在正反馈循环。CXCR4基因启动子具有NF-κB结合位点,一些配体如肝细胞的刺激作用生长因子(HGF)、P65和P50的NF-κB亚单位结合CXCR4启动子,转录激活CXCR4并促进肿瘤侵袭[8],反过来SDF-1/CXCR4通路激活MAPKs信号转导,从而促进趋化和增殖,诱导磷脂酶C(PLC)/蛋白激酶C(PKC)-钙离子信号P促进细胞遷移,并影响PI3K/Akt促进细胞生存,SDF-1可以调节肿瘤的生长是通过激活PI3K/Akt通路[9]。此外,SDF-1/CXCR4信号通路还可能激活(EGFR)/Her2-neu信号通路促进侵袭信号和乳腺癌、前列腺癌和卵巢癌的转移性生长。最近的研究显示,在胰腺癌和胃癌[10-11]中主要通过mTOR信号通路,在人肾癌细胞CXCL12诱发特异性mTOR靶点磷酸化[12]。最后,除了这些经典的信号转导通路,在套细胞淋巴瘤和原发性急性髓系白血病(AML中),CXCR4触发酪氨酸激酶(BTK)磷酸化和下游MAPK通路,也提示两者存在一个潜在的相互作用。

1.2 SDF-1/CXCR4表达与肿瘤转移

Muller等[13]首次研究发现,乳腺癌细胞高表达趋化因子受体CXCR4,其配体SDF-1多表达于乳腺癌的特异转移部位肺、肝脏、骨髓等,提示其与特异性转移有关。CXCR4的高表达在不同类型的癌症中广泛存在,包括食管癌[14]、胃癌[15]、结肠癌[16]、肝癌[17]、胰腺癌[18]、甲状腺癌[19]、卵巢癌[20]、肺癌[21-22]与脑肿瘤[23-24]等,而在正常組织和器官表达量很低。一项非小细胞肺癌的荟萃分析对1049例非小细胞肺癌患者的11项研究进行分析,转移性非小细胞肺癌CXCR4表达量明显高于非转移性非小细胞肺癌[25]。动物实验表明,高表达CXCR4的肿瘤细胞,可能在SDF-1趋化、牵引下转移至SDF-1表达较高的某些器官,形成器官特异性转移。Castellone对表达CXCR4的甲状腺癌细胞给予SDF-1刺激,发现细胞侵袭及转移能力增强[26]。Sun等[27]发现,小鼠前列腺癌转移较多的部位如肝、肾、股骨SDF-1水平更高,提示SDF-1与靶向转移有关,而抑制CXCR4表达后,上述部位转移明显减少,也说明SDF-1/CXCR4在肿瘤转移中的作用。Kim等[28]对结、直肠癌的研究表明,高表达CXCR4患者,肝转移和肿瘤的复发明显增多,而且这部分结、直肠癌患者其远期生存率也较低。临床中显示,CXCR4的表达水平与淋巴结转移显著相关[29]。那些有CXCR4过表达的患者,其肿瘤复发和癌症相关性死亡的风险明显高于CXCR4低表达的患者[30]。所以,在多种癌症中,CXCR4都可能是一种潜在的治疗靶点。

1.3 SDF-1/CXCR4与肿瘤细胞的运动

高表达CXCR4的肿瘤细胞迁移能力较强。Niu等[31]研究人喉癌Hep-2细胞,用慢病毒介导的ShRNA沉默CXCR4后发现,Hep-2细胞的运动能力明显下降。Mercurio等[32]通过SDF-1刺激人恶性胶质瘤细胞U87MG,Transwell实验显示,较单纯下室加血清的对照组,细胞迁移能力明显增加。Kim等[33]用100 ng/mL的SDF-1诱导C6胶质瘤细胞24 h后,发现细胞迁移率增加了215%,用Boyden小室实验进一步验证为226.3%,结果一致。Muller等[13]发现,SDF-1作用于乳腺癌细胞后,不仅F-肌动蛋白的数量快速增加,而且分布也迅速出现变化,伴随骨架蛋白数量和厚度增加,PI3K激活、钙流量增加和伪足形成,细胞迁移能力大大增强。

1.4 SDF-1/CXCR4与基质降解

肿瘤细胞完成转移,产生降解细胞外基质和基底膜的蛋白酶是必要条件。SDF-1可以通过结合CXCR4受体激活NF-kB通路,影响细胞因子的分泌。比如SDF-1刺激后细胞会分泌更多的MMP-2和MMP-9,分解血管基底膜较远,促进肿瘤细胞穿过。在宫颈癌,SDF-1不但提高宫颈癌HeLa细胞MMP-2的mRNA水平,其活性也得到增强[34]。Yu等[35]在研究人卵巢癌中发现SDF-1/CXCR4轴通过p38 MAPK信号通路上调MMP-9的表达从而增加了卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的侵袭潜力。同样,用SDF-1诱导CXCR4高表达的前列腺癌细胞时,MMP-2基因表达和蛋白分泌明显上调[36]。有学者用SDF-1刺激胶质瘤细胞C6同样发现引起MMP-2和MMP-9的表达上调。胰腺癌也有类似现象,SDF-1不仅诱导胰腺癌增加MMP的表达,还能刺激内皮细胞提高蛋白酶活性,增加局部微环境中MMP含量,降解肿瘤细胞外基质,从而增强胰腺癌的转移能力。另外,乳腺癌细胞受到SDF-1刺激后,MMP-2、MMP-9、MMP-13分泌增多,分解构成上皮组织和血管基底膜的Ⅳ型胶原,使基底膜产生局部的缺损,协助肿瘤细胞穿透基底膜向周围组织浸润、转移[37-38]。由此可见,SDF-1/CXCR4轴通过调控多种蛋白酶的表达或活性来降解细胞外基质和基底膜,从而在肿瘤的侵袭、转移中发挥作用。

1.5 SDF-1/CXCR4与黏附

肿瘤细胞的黏附能力也是决定转移能否成功的关键因素,SDF-1/CXCR4轴可以活化细胞表面多种黏附分子,从而调节肿瘤细胞与层粘连蛋白、纤维蛋白原、间质细胞及内皮细胞的黏附。整合素是细胞黏附分子中的一员,有报道发现,SDF-1可以激活造血干细胞表面整合素LFA-1、VLA-4和VLA-5的表达,增强细胞的黏附能力[39]。体外实验表明,乳腺癌和卵巢癌细胞用SDF-1刺激后,整合素β1表达增强,上调的整合素β1可以增加肿瘤细胞与胶原Ⅳ和纤连蛋白的黏附[40]。Yu等[35]的研究表明,暴露于SDF-1因子刺激下24 h的SKOV3卵巢癌细胞,黏附于层粘连蛋白和纤连蛋白能力明显提高,与对照组有显著差异,而用趋化因子受体SiRNA可以减弱这种黏附,说明趋化因子通过与受体结合而发挥细胞黏附作用。值得注意的是,黏附分子和CXCR4的表达之间存在正反馈,如CXCR4阳性的淋巴细胞中,CXCR4调节细胞表面黏附分子的功能,而L-选择素激活后又能增加CXCR4的表达,从而增强了肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移能力[41]。

1.6 SDF-1/CXCR4促进肿瘤血管生成

越来越多的证据表明,CXCR4在癌细胞的表达水平与微血管密度呈正相关,包括肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌和胶质瘤等癌症类型。席妍等[42]用免疫组化方法检测了62例非小细胞肺癌组织及12例肺癌组织,发现非小细胞肺癌组织中CXCR4和微血管密度(MVD)均明显升高,且两者显著正相关。此外,CXCR4表达在肿瘤浸润性浆细胞和肿瘤间质中大血管的内皮细胞,表明SDF-1/CXCR4的相互作用在肿瘤血管生成中起重要作用。SDF-1/CXCR4对肿瘤血管生成的四种可能作用机制:①SDF-1/CXCR4通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路上调VEGF在肿瘤组织中的表达,促进血管生成[43];卵巢癌中VEGF和SDF-1病理性的聚集,协同作用且高效能诱导体内血管生成[44],因此,有可能在SDF-1/CXCR4和VEGF间存在一个促进血管生成的正反馈回路,如神经胶质瘤和乳腺癌细胞自身分泌VEGF,反过来VEGF又能诱导CXCR4的表达,从而促进SDF-1对细胞的趋化性迁移[45]。②SDF-1降低糖酵解酶激酶1(PGK1)的表达,从而减少VEGF分泌导致血管生成;PGK1是糖酵解酶,催化1,3-二磷酸甘油酸转变为3-磷酸甘油酸,PGK1可以减少二硫键丝氨酸蛋白酶,从而导致肿瘤的血液释放血管抑素;过表达PGK1可以减少VEGF和IL-8的分泌,增加血管抑素从而抑制血管生成,SDF-1可抑制PGK1表达和促进血管生成。③明显上调多种血管生成相关的基因表达,如癌细胞中的干扰素诱导蛋白27α,IL-6,骨形态发生蛋白、SOCS2和环氧合酶-2,其中,IL-6是最早与上调表达最高的基因,转录SDF-1调节IL-6转录是通过ERK1/2的磷酸化和NF-κB复合物的激活介导的IL-6可间接诱导血管生成,促进血管内皮生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子或环氧酶的表达[46],因此,SDF-1可通过诱导IL-6促进血管生成。④SDF-1可以招募内皮祖细胞附近的新生血管,Orimo等[47]表明,肿瘤相关成纤维细胞分泌的SDF-1负责招募内皮祖细胞,使细胞转化为肿瘤肿块,从而促进肿瘤血管生成,而打断这些途径有可能成为抑制肿瘤新生血管的有效方法。

2 展望

SDF-1/CXCR4趋化因子及趋化因子受体轴对全身多个器官有重要的生理功能,如介导免疫及炎性反应,参与胚胎发育及感染等。其肿瘤转移中,与肿瘤细胞增殖、浸润、迁移、侵袭及血管生成等作用均有关。虽然SDF-1/CXCR4在肿瘤转移中作用已经明确,但不同类型肿瘤转移中具体机制仍不清楚,下一步应分类并深入研究其分子机制。另外,目前研究大多集中在動物实验,真实模拟人体环境进行研究仍需探索。作为抗肿瘤治疗有前景的靶点,CXCR4阻断剂具有良好的临床应用潜力,在大量体内外实验中,抑制SDF-1/CXCR4的功能对控制恶性肿瘤的转移有显著效果,但此类方法治疗肿瘤过程中必须针对治疗靶细胞,使用特异性干扰机制,避免对趋化正常细胞归巢的损害。精准的靶向性干预SDF-1/CXCR4生物轴从而抑制肿瘤生长与转移,有望为肿瘤治疗开辟一条新的道路。

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(收稿日期:2016-08-08 本文编辑:李亚聪)

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