影响瞬时弹性成像诊断肝纤维化分期因素的研究进展
2017-02-27高扬王朋平杰张玲张秉宜王君
高扬,王朋,平杰,张玲,张秉宜,王君
(1.宜昌市第一人民医院超声影像科,湖北 宜昌 443000;2.三峡大学人民医院转化神经科学&神经再生修复实验室,湖北 宜昌 443002)
影响瞬时弹性成像诊断肝纤维化分期因素的研究进展
高扬1,王朋2,平杰1,张玲1,张秉宜1,王君2
(1.宜昌市第一人民医院超声影像科,湖北 宜昌 443000;2.三峡大学人民医院转化神经科学&神经再生修复实验室,湖北 宜昌 443002)
肝纤维化是多种慢性肝脏疾病的共同终点,肝纤维化可进展为肝硬化、肝衰竭、肝癌,从而导致死亡,肝纤维化和肝硬化的准确诊断对于肝脏疾病的预测、干预和预后至关重要。瞬时弹性成像(transient elastography;TE)作为基于肝脏硬度测量的无创方法之一,与传统肝脏组织活检相比具有诸多优势,广泛应用于慢性肝脏疾病患者的肝纤维化分期诊断;但是,体内外诸多因素可影响肝脏硬度值和TE结果以及慢性肝脏疾病的临床管理。因此,本文着重介绍影响肝脏硬度和瞬时弹性成像检查结果的关键因素。
瞬时弹性成像;肝脏硬度;肝纤维化分期;影响因素
肝纤维化是多种慢性肝脏疾病的共同终点,肝纤维化可进展为肝硬化、肝衰竭、肝细胞癌导致死亡,肝纤维化和肝硬化的准确诊断对于肝脏疾病的预测、及时干预、预后至关重要[1]。基于肝活检的METAVIR分期法将肝纤维化分为F0(无纤维化)、F1(汇管区扩张纤维化)、F2(少量间隔纤维化)、F3(大量间隔纤维化)和F4(肝硬化)4期[2]。在肝纤维化过程中,肝脏硬度随病程进展而改变,瞬时弹性成像(transient elastogra-phy,TE)是基于肝脏硬度测量肝纤维化分期的无创方法之一,以法国Echosens公司研发的弹性成像FibroScan为代表[3]。与传统肝脏组织活检相比,此方法无痛,不会导致并发症,更易为患者所接受,其操作的可重复性可进一步提高诊断的准确性[4]。TE可对肝脏纤维化进行分期并可用于慢性肝脏疾病结局的预测[5-6]。一些体内外因素可影响肝脏硬度值从而影响TE结果,使用TE诊断肝纤维化分期,需要考虑体内外的干扰因素以避免误诊[7]。
1 TE
TE的原理是:超声换能器探头发射中振幅和低频(50Hz)的振动脉冲,使得弹性剪切波在组织中传播,组织硬度与剪切波传播速度呈正相关,利用脉冲回波超声探测器测量剪切波的传播速度[8],从而得出组织硬度,整个操作过程时间短,且可在患者的床边进行。探头放置于剑突下水平线与右腋中线交点所处的肋间(即肝右叶)[9],操作医师借助超声图像,定位肝脏部分游离大血管结构并获取测量数据,软件系统对所测肝脏硬度测量(liver stiffness measurement;LSM)数据进行分析,如数据有效则录入,如数据无效则不录入,TE的结果以录入的10个有效数据的中位数显示,所有有效数据的范围为2.5~75.0 kPa[10]。当满足以下所有条件时,TE的结果被视为有效:(1)10次成功的测量值;(2):四分位数的范围低于中位数的30%;(3):超过60%的成功率[11]。目前,用于成人肝纤维化分期的探头有两种:M型探头,应用于正常体重患者的标准探头;XL型探头,应用于肥胖患者或M型探头所测数据不准确时。TE正常值是使用M型探头测量正常个体所得值,约为5.5 kPa。根据TE的原理可知肝脏组织硬度在TE诊断肝纤维化分期的过程中起关键作用,因此,日常临床实践操作过程中,许多可影响肝脏硬度的体内外因素可导致肝纤维化分期诊断的偏差。
2 体内因素
2.1 ALT水平 谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminases;ALT)作为肝功能损害最敏感的检测指标,主要存在于肝细胞浆内,细胞内浓度高于血清中1 000~3 000倍。血清谷丙转氨酶的升高代表着肝细胞的破坏,肝脏严重的炎症活动可使ALT超过正常上限(upper limit of normal;ULN)的10倍,从而导致肝脏硬度增加和纤维化程度的高估[12]。最近的研究表明,即使肝脏的炎性活动较弱,肝脏纤维化程度也可能被高估,在通过肝活检已验证具有相同的纤维化阶段的慢性乙型肝炎患者中,ALT水平高于2倍ULN患者的TE结果与转氨酶正常患者相比要高(9.5:4.7 kPa;P>0.001)[13],3个月的抗病毒治疗后肝脏硬度明显降低(7.9:6.4 kPa;P<0.001)[14],在慢性丙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis C,CHC)中也出现类似的研究结果。肝脏组织活检验证的肝纤维化阶段≥F3的患者中,具有严重坏死性炎症活动(A2A3A4)患者的LSM值具有比肝脏无炎症活动患者(A0A1)更高的肝脏硬度值(14.6:6.2 kPa;P<0.05)[15]。因此,肝脏炎性活动所表现出的ALT水平的升高可增加肝脏硬度从而导致TE对肝纤维化分期的高估。
2.2 肝外胆汁淤积和肝瘀血 研究表明,肝脏硬度与总胆红素水平高度相关,在胆汁成功引流后肝脏硬度值降低(从10.8 kPa降低至7.1 kPa,7.6 kPa降低至5.4 kPa)[16-17],胆汁淤积造成的肝脏硬度增高的原因暂不清楚,但可能与组织肿胀、炎症、水肿、胆汁流出导致的细胞内压力增高有关。此外,增高的静水压也可增加肝脏硬度[14]。研究表明,慢性心力衰竭患者心脏移植后肝脏硬度明显降低(44.3 kPa降低至3.8 kPa),Colli等[18]的研究验证了这个假设,利用TE对于心脏功能障碍患者和对照组的肝脏硬度进行评估,心力衰竭患者的LSM值明显高于对照组,而且在住院治疗后,肝脏硬度值显著下降,此外右心衰竭患者的LSM值高于对照组。心功能不全导致的肝脏硬度增高是因为造成肝静脉压力增高导致肝瘀血,从而导致肝脏硬度增高。肝瘀血可增加肝脏硬度的测量值导致肝脏纤维化的高估的和肝硬化的分期错误。
2.3 非空腹状态 在无肝纤维化和中度肝纤维化的患者当中,进食后LSM明显升高,并在180 min后恢复正常[18]。在CHC患者中,非空腹状态对肝脏硬度的影响得到了验证,肝脏硬度在进食后15~45 min升高,在进食后120 min回到基础水平[20],这些研究结果提示TE应该在进食后120~180 min进行,以保证其结果不受进食影响。
2.4 肝脂肪变性 肝脏脂肪变性可能在TE中导致肝纤维化程度的高估,与无脂肪肝的患者相比,肝脏严重脂肪变性患者的肝脏硬度值显著增高。与无肝脏脂肪变性的患者相比,肝脏脂肪变性患者在TE中的假阳性率显著升高[21]。在CHC患者中也观察到类似的结果,在肝纤维化的同一阶段,中-重度脂肪肝的患者肝脏硬度值明显高于无肝脏脂肪变性的患者[22]。
2.5 其他因素 慢性肝病的病因也可影响肝脏硬度,淤胆型肝炎的患者,如原发性胆汁性肝硬化、原发性硬化性胆管炎,肝脏硬度值明显高于病毒性肝炎患者;因此,胆汁淤积导致的肝脏疾病在肝纤维化的每个等级的临界值都高于慢性病毒性肝炎;同样,在酒精性肝病中,肝纤维化的每个等级的临界值也偏高[23],目前尚无证据表明肝癌可对肝脏硬度产生影响,但TE对肝脏肿瘤的发展和预后具有良好的预测价值[24]。此外,肥胖的人肝脏硬度高于体重正常的人,雌性肝脏硬度高于雄性[25-26]。Castéra等[27]研究表明TE的结果不准确性也与患者的年龄、性别、代谢因素、身体质量指数和操作医师的经验有关。诸多的体内因素,包括ALT水平、肝外胆汁淤积、肝瘀血、非空腹状态、肝脂肪变性都可导致肝脏硬度的增加,从而导致TE的LSM偏高,从而导致TE对肝纤维化分期的偏差及高估。
3 体外因素
3.1 探头因素 M型和XL型两种探头测量的都是肝脏内一个宽4 cm,高1 cm的圆柱体(比肝脏组织活检体积大100倍)肝组织的LSM值,两种探头的差异在于超声波发射频率(M型:3.5 MHz;ML:2.5 MHz)、振幅(M型:2 mm;XL型:3 mm)和尖端直径(M型:9 mm;XL型:12 mm),此外,XL型探头的测量深度比M型探头测量深度深。TE的结果显示使用M型探头时的不准确率在20%左右,而使用XL型探头的不准确率低于M型探头[28]。
3.2 操作医师的影响 操作医师的经验可影响TE的准确性和诊断性能,Castéra等[25]在对13 000例检查进行分析后,发现操作者的经验与TE的不准确性相关。研究证实了操作医师对TE诊断性能的影响,以FibroTest作为参考标准,在排除了缺乏经验的操作医师操作的检查结果后,TE的准确性和诊断性能得到提升[9],在此认为经验丰富者为至少进行100例检查的操作医师[29]。
3.3 观察者之间的差异 TE的可重复性结果在近几年出现了争议,最初报导其组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)偏高[30],除了相似的结果外,其他学者的研究表明由同一经验丰富者使用TE诊断肝纤维化的分期检查中,出现至少一个等级偏差的误差发生率为25%[31],最近的研究表明TE具有较高的肝纤维化分期诊断率,由同一位经验丰富的操作人员进行的两项检查中,其结果具有良好的相关性并表现为高ICC值[27,32-34]。然而,这些研究中出现至少一个等级偏差的误差发生率为20%~30%,即使应用肝脏组织活检,区分中间相邻等级的肝纤维化程度也是非常困难的[35],肝纤维化的分期出现至少一个等级的偏差会影响慢性肝病患者的管理。对于CHC患者,肝纤维化程度的正确分期会对新的抗病毒药物的使用以及治疗时间产生影响[36]。这种误差可能与肋间隙的选择、探头位置的选择[37]和TE技术本身在检查过程中的一些无法控制的因素有关。在纵向随访过程中,由于其操作者为相同丰富经验的操作医师,而且纵向随访可将观察者的可变性降低到最小,所以最终的TE结果比单次测量更加精确[38]。
诸多体外因素虽然对肝脏硬度不产生影响,但可对TE的结果产生影响,而且这些因素的不可控性更高,所以在进行TE诊断肝纤维化分期时,应考虑其影响并尽可能规避。其中体内因素中的非空腹状态可在临床实际操作中控制,所以在TE诊断肝纤维化分期时,应由有经验的操作医师在患者空腹的状态进行,并且结合血清标志物,其结果应该由全面了解了这个方法局限性的专业临床医生进行处理,从而减少TE所产生的偏差,减少肝纤维化分期诊断的高估。
4 结语
在过去十几年间,TE在肝纤维化的分期诊断上迅速发展,其可能在未来替代肝组织活检在肝纤维化分期诊断中的地位,但是肝脏硬度可能因非空腹状态,转氨酶水平,心脏衰竭,肝外胆汁淤积和严重的肝脂肪变性等体内因素而改变,探头类型、操作医师的经验,观察者间的差异等体外因素亦可影响TE的结果,从而导致肝纤维化程度的偏差与高估。而且,这些体内外因素在患者的慢性肝病管理中所造成的影响是不可忽视的。所以,在诊断肝纤维化分期诊断中,应结合肝组织活检,血清学标记物,以及循证医学来不断丰富,改善TE的检查方法,从而使得肝纤维化的分期诊断的检查方法准确,无创,可重复和高效。对于影响TE在肝纤维化分期诊断中的影响因素的发现及对TE诊断方法的改善,尚待下一步深入研究。
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Progression of influencing factors on liver fibrosis staging by transient elastography.
GAO Yang1,WANG Peng2, PING Jie1,ZHANG Ling1,ZHANG Bing-yi1,WANG Jun2.1.Department of Ultrasonic Image,the First People's Hospital of Yichang,Yichang 443000,Hubei,CHINA;2.Translational Neuroscience&Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute, People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,Hubei,CHINA
Liver fibrosis is the common end-point of a variety of chronic liver diseases.Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis,liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma,which can result in death.Accurate diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is essential for prognostication of liver disease and for timely intervention to prevent negative outcome. Transient elastography(TE)as one of the most validated non-invasive methods based on liver stiffness measurement (LSM),as compared with conventional liver biopsy,has many advantages,and is widely used in patients with chronic liver diseases for liver fibrosis staging.However,many factorsin vivoandvitrocan affect the LSM thus affecting the consequence of the clinical management of chronic liver disease and results of TE.Therefore,this review focuses on the key factors influencing liver stiffness and TE findings.
Transient elastography(TE);Liver stiffness;Liver fibrosis staging;Influence factors
R657.3
A
1003—6350(2017)06—0957—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.06.032
2016-07-13)
国家自然科学基金(编号:81550028)
王君。E-mail:wjtianxiafox@163.com;张秉宜。E-mail:zhangcarlsmith@126.com