定语从句的特殊形式及其应用

广东 吴荣华

定语从句的特殊形式及其应用

广东 吴荣华

定语从句的特殊形式是指在一般定语从句的基础上形成的较为特殊的和复杂的定语从句形式。这种定语从句在阅读理解中出现会是一个难点，在写作中恰当运用也将是一个亮点。

一、定语从句的特殊形式分类

1.分隔定语从句

为了某种特殊需要，先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分隔开，构成分隔定语从句。在语篇阅读中,我们经常会遇到定语从句和它所修饰的先行词被其他成分(如介词短语、不定式、分词短语、谓语动词等)分开,目的是使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻。

【例1】(2015 ·上海卷写作)The moment I mention the book, theirpassion and enthusiasmabout the story will explode, which can never be gained on your own.我一提到这本书，他们对这个故事的热情和激情就会爆发，而这是你独自阅读时不能获得的。(先行词passion and enthusiasm和定语从句被will explode分隔)

【例2】The reasonsfor teenagers becoming rebellious to parents are various, among which the need for freedom and independence is the most important one. 青少年对父母叛逆的原因有多种，其中需要自由和独立是最重要的一个。

2.混杂定语从句

有时定语从句的关系词与谓语部分之间会加一些插入语(如I think, I expect, I am sure, they say等)或状语，这就是混杂定语从句。

【例3】(2013 ·四川卷写作)In reality, different students have different learning habits, which,I think, influence their learning efficiency greatly. 实际上，不同的学生有不同的学习习惯，我认为这会极大地影响他们的学习效率。

【例4】Parents are our closest relatives in the world, who,trying every possible means to do good to us, should be respected and trusted. 父母是我们在这个世界上最亲的人，他们尽一切可能的办法对我们好，因此应该受到我们的尊重和信任。

3.并列定语从句

同时修饰一个先行词的两个或多个定语从句称为并列定语从句。

【例5】Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for a secretary, I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualificationsandfor which I have been looking for some time. 一看到贵公司在报上招聘秘书的广告，我就感到这正是我这段时间所要寻找的工作，并且我能胜任。

【例6】Mr. Smith, who has a good command of French and Englishbutwho doesn’t know Chinese, finds it difficult to study Chinese literature. 史密斯先生精通法语和英语，但对中文则一无所知，所以他发现研究中国文学很困难。

4.复合定语从句

定语从句的某个名词或代词被另一个定语从句所修饰，就构成了复合定语从句。

【例7】If I were a parent, I would make my child eat bitter food, do hard work and send him or her to the places where he could getthe fullest training and knowledgewith which he or she would value the labour and be capable of facing hardships.如果我是家长，我会让孩子多吃苦受累，送他去能得到充分锻炼与获取充足知识的地方，有了这些他就能珍惜劳动,面对困难。

【例8】As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution, our government encourages us to use reusable environment-friendly shopping bags, which are made of a variety ofmaterialthat can be easily recycled when they become rubbish. 因为过度使用塑料袋造成了严重的白色污染，政府鼓励我们使用可重复使用的环保购物袋，这些购物袋是由各种变成垃圾时能容易被回收利用的材料制成的。

5.省略定语从句

当定语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略从句中的部分内容, 变为“介词+关系代词+不定式”的结构，使定语从句更简洁。

【例9】Thus, in order to collect money with which to buy lottery tickets, they may try every possible means, even commit crimes. 因此，为了筹集买彩票的钱，他们可能尝试各种可能的方法，甚至犯罪。(完整形式为：with which they can buy lottery tickets.)

【例10】I have quite a lot of money with which to buy a new car for myself. 我有许多钱用来给自己买一辆新车。

二、即时练习——英汉互译

1.(2017 ·全国卷Ⅲ阅读理解B)Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

2.( 2015 ·全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解B ) Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton,where — luckily for me — I was planning to have dinner that very night.

3. ( 2015 ·全 国 卷 Ⅰ 七 选 五阅 读 ) But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

4. (2010 ·陕西卷阅读理解D)These computer problems raise production costs of companies, which are, in the end,passed on to the consumer.

5. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theory had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.

6. (2010 ·福建卷阅读理解B)That is some way behind the U.S., where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet.

7. (2010 ·江西卷阅读理解D)Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio,letting imagination take us into another world.

8. (2010 ·天津卷阅读理解B)But perhaps more importantly,they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow in the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.

9. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals.

10. (2014 ·东北三校二模阅读理解A)In fact, it appears that the most constructive life-changing journeys were those that involved some sorts of awful and uncomfortable events that forced the person to develop new resources, increase confidence, and solve problems in new ways.

11. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.

12. If I were Jesse, I would let the teacher know the truth even though he is my best friend, ________, _________,________________________(我认为这是一个帮助朋友让他意识到自己错误的好方式) so that he will never cheat again.

13. She began to learn painting at an early age and has a good knowledge of the traditional Chinese painting, ________________,________________, ________________ .（这一点，还有她积极的个性和完美的英语口语，会有助于你的活动成功。）

14. Try using polite words every now and then, ________,_________, ___________________. 尝试不时地使用礼貌用语，作为回报，这会给你带来神奇的力量。

15.However, I prefer to be taught by young teachers, _____ ,_______________, ____________________.（他们，因为更有活力和热情，与我们学生有很多共同之处。）

16.According to the survey, when in trouble, 58% of the students will seek help from their classmates or friends,__________, _________________, ______________. 根据调查结果，有困难时，58%的学生会向同学或朋友求助，因为他们是同龄人，可以容易地与之交流、沟通和相互理解。

【即时练习答案与分析】

1.分析：本句中which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a local development firm；此外，定语从句中又包含一个where引导的定语从句。

句意：布拉德福德把建筑物和土地卖给了一家当地的开发商，这家开发商打算在剧院所在的土地上建一个购物中心。

2.分析：在when引导的时间状语从句中包含了由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词restaurant，但被at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton隔开。

句意：眼前的西红柿令我欣喜不已，当我听说朗的格鲁夫农场是杰克达斯蒂餐厅的供应商之一时，我更加高兴了。杰克达斯蒂餐厅是萨拉索塔丽思卡尔顿酒店新开张的一家餐厅——我感到很幸运——那天晚上我计划去那吃晚饭。

3.分析：本句中when引导的是时间状语从句；that引导的是一个分隔定语从句，修饰先行词a lack of trust。where引导的是一个复合定语从句，修饰先行词action。

句意：但如果一段关系中缺乏信任，过错之人不为错误负责，你也无法获得成功。

4.分析：which引导的混杂定语从句中含有一个插入语in the end。

句意：这些电脑问题提高了公司产品的成本，但最终转嫁到消费者身上。

5.分析：本句含有两个who引导的并列定语从句，修饰先行词a French woman scientist。

句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，并曾为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习而女扮男装。

6.分析：and连接两个并列定语从句。

句意：从某些方面来说那就落后于美国了，在美国，电视比人还多，现在人们很容易就可以上网。

7.分析：when引导一个分隔定语从句修饰先行词the days。

句意：也许那些日子离我们而去了，那时候我们可以静静地倾听收音机里面的故事，让想象带我们到另一个世界去遨游。

8.分析：that引导定语从句修饰dramas, 这个定语从句中还含有一个复合定语从句修饰rules。

句意：但是也许更重要的是，他们把生活转化为兴趣盎然的事情，教会孩子一些日后可以遵循的基本规则，比如有序和合作。

9.句意：最常见的以职业命名的是Smith，这个姓指的是一个用铁或其他的金属制作东西的人。

10.句意：事实上，我们清楚地知道大多数具有建设性的充满挑战的生活旅途总是涉及一些糟糕的不舒服的事情，从而促使人们去开拓新的资源，增长自信和用新的方式解决问题。

11.句意：牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔法终结科学开启的历史时期，他也有普通人所特有的弱点。

12.which, I believe, is really a good way to help my friend and get him aware of his mistake

13.which, together with her active personality and perfect spoken English, will help make your activity a success

14.which, in return, will provide you with magic power

15.who, being more energetic and enthusiastic, have much in common with us students

16.who, being almost of the same age, can talk with,communicate with and understand them easily

广东省中山市第一中学）