湖南衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤有机碳及全氮的影响
2017-01-10桂德志旷一明张卫国文东新
桂德志, 旷一明, 张卫国, 文东新
(1.祁阳县挂榜山林场,湖南 祁阳 426100;2.中南林业科技大学理学院,湖南 长沙 410004)
湖南衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤有机碳及全氮的影响
桂德志1, 旷一明1, 张卫国1, 文东新2
(1.祁阳县挂榜山林场,湖南 祁阳 426100;2.中南林业科技大学理学院,湖南 长沙 410004)
采用“空间序列代替时间序列”的方法,将植被恢复阶段划分为演替前期、演替中期和演替后期,并测定每一演替阶段中0~10,10~20,20~30,30~40 cm土层的土壤有机碳与全氮.结果表明:1)随着演替进行,各土层的土壤有机碳与全氮均显著增加(P<0.05),具体表现为后期(土壤有机碳,全氮)>中期(土壤有机碳,全氮)>前期(土壤有机碳,全氮);2)随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳与全氮均显著减小(P<0.05),具体表现为0~10 cm土层(土壤有机碳,全氮)>10~20 cm土层(土壤有机碳,全氮)>20~30 cm土层(土壤有机碳,全氮)>30~40 cm土层(土壤有机碳,全氮).图1,表3,参29.
土壤有机碳;全氮;植被恢复;衡阳
土地系统与植被是一个有机整体,二者相辅相成、相互影响.土壤系统为植物生长提供必须的营养物质,而植被生长又可改善土壤系统的结构和养分.在土壤系统中,土壤微生物作为土壤有机质和养分(N、P、S等)转化和循环的动力,参与有机质的分解、腐殖质的形成、养分的转化和循环等生化过程,在土壤生态系统的能量流动和养分转化起着重要作用[1-2].陆地生态系统是一个巨大的C库,约含2500 PgC,近90%的C储存在土壤生态系统中,且分解缓慢.植被恢复是土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)与全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)改变的重要影响因素[3-4],一方面,植被恢复提高了土壤的C与N素归还量;另一方面,植被恢复可改善土壤理化性质,加速土壤呼吸作用,而造成SOC与TN的损失[5-6].因此,探讨植被恢复与SOC、TN的关系,对于C与N贮存的研究具有重大意义.
衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地面积1.625×105hm2,占据衡阳市总国土面积的25%.它是中国南方独有的土地类型,这类土地以其土壤特别的色泽、优良的自然肥力等成为中国一种特有的、具有发展农业优势的宝贵土地资源.但是紫色土丘陵坡地生态问题和本身的生产性问题特别突出.紫色土丘陵坡地生态环境脆弱,气候干旱,水土流失严重;紫色土耐旱性差,土壤养分含量不协调,紫色土本身不耐侵蚀.在植被遭到破坏后,紫色土丘陵坡地表土很快被流失,土地大量荒芜,恢复林草植被十分困难,农林牧生产受到很大制约(图1).长期以来,该区域区域实施植被恢复及退耕还林、还草政策取得了良好的水土保持效果,但以往对水土保持效果的研究多集中于土壤水分、植被等方面的研究[7-8].而对不同恢复阶段SOC与TN的变化的研究相对薄弱,由于不同植被的生长方式不同,对土壤生态系统的影响存在差异,且在植被恢复过程中的不同阶段,土壤生态系统的变化也不尽相同.为此,研究采用时空互代的方法[9-10],研究衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对SOC与TN的影响,旨在该区域的植被恢复提供科学依据.
1 试验方法
1.1 样地的选择与取样方法
2009年8月中旬,按群落演替的顺序选择坡度(向、位、形)和裸岩率等生态因子基本一致的植物群落,它们分别处于演替前期、演替中期和演替后期.在3个不同的演替阶段按样线法采用固定间距分别设置15个20 cm×50 cm的样方,共45个样方,测定每个样方内0~10、10~20、20~30与30~40 cm土层的SOC和TN的含量.样地基本概况见表1.
图1 研究区域土壤概况Fig.1 Status of soils in the studied area
表1 样地概况
Tab.1 General situation of sampling plots
项目前期中期后期海拔/m120127118经度/N26°12'45″26°13'41″26°32'57″纬度/E112°30'45″111°54'27″112°54'08″坡向SW26SW25SW27坡度/°243219演替年限/a4~520~30≈50盖度/%214569
1.2 测定方法
SOC采用重铬酸钾氧化—外加热法测定;TN采用半微量凯氏法测定[11-12].
1.3 数据处理
采用Excel软件处理基础数据,采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)和最小显著差异法(LSD)分析不同演替阶段与不同土层之间的差异显著性(P<0.05).表中所有数据均为3次重复的平均值.
2 结果与分析
2.1 植被恢复对SOC的影响
研究表明(表2),在0~10、10~20、20~30与30~40 cm土层,随着演替的进行,SOC均显著增加(P<0.05),0~10 cm土层,前期SOC含量分别为中期与后期的92.64%和73.58%;10~20 cm土层,91.12%和75.18%;20~30 cm土层,76.10%和62.78%;30~40 cm土层,76.82%和72.51%.在演替前期、中期与后期,0~10 cm土层的SOC含量显著高于其他土层SOC含量(P<0.05),前期,0~10 cm土层的SOC含量分别为10~20、20~30与30~40 cm土层的1.14、1.53和1.54倍;中期,1.12、1.26和1.28倍;后期,1.17、1.31和1.52倍.
表2 不同演替阶段土壤有机碳含量的变化Tab.2 The changes of soil organic carbon at different successive stages(g.kg-1)
注:同行不同大写字母表示不同演替之间差异显著(P<0.05),同列不同小写字母表示不同土层之间差异显著(P<0.05).下同.
2.2 植被恢复对TN的影响
从表3可知,在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地,随着演替进行,TN显著增加(P<0.05);随土层加深,TN含量显著减小(P<0.05).0~10 cm土层,后期TN含量分别为前期和中期的1.28和1.18倍;10~20 cm土层,1.33和1.26倍;20~30 cm土层,1.30和1.20倍;30~40 cm土层,1.17和1.05倍.演替前期,10~20、20~30与30~40 cm土层TN含量分别为0~10 cm土层的84.50%、75.50%和71.50%;中期,82.03%、75.58和73.27%;后期,87.50%、76.56和65.23%.
表3 不同演替阶段土壤全氮含量的变化Tab.3 The changes of soil total nitrogen at different successive stages(g.kg-1)
3 讨论与结论
3.1 讨论
在演替前期,土壤裸露率高,水土流失严重,土壤水分蒸发量大,土壤含水量低[13],植物枯枝落叶少,土壤微生物数量少,土壤基础呼吸弱,土壤的生化强度与酶活性低,影响土壤理化性质的改善,导致该阶段SOC与TN少[14-17],该研究结果与高永恒等[18]高山草甸的C、N格局的研究结果基本一致,Schuman等[19]在研究不同恢复年限各土层SOC、TN的变化规律时发现,0~60 cm土层的总的C、N含量没有太大的变化,但0~30 cm根际土壤的C、N含量却显著增加,这主要与不同演替阶段的植物群落结构有关,土壤的性质受植被类型、多样性和盖度的差异影响较大,同时SOC与TN的变化也与土壤温度、水分、养分、土壤结构和pH值的影响较大.随着土层深度的增加,SOC与TN含量显著减小(P<0.05),且表层的减小幅度比土壤深层要大,主要原因在于植被的枯枝落叶开始累积于土壤表层,深层土壤植物根系较少SOC与TN沿植物根系下渗至深层需要时间,另外,表层容易经受环境变化的扰动,微生物活性强烈,因此,表层的变化幅度较深层要大[20-21].
本实验发现演替前期SOC有时偏高,与大多数学者的研究结果不一致[22-23].笔者认为,植被恢复对土壤影响的原因是比较复杂的,同时也与土壤对环境变化的响应具有一定的滞后性与缓冲性有关,说明植被恢复更有利于土壤微生物对土壤养分的吸收与利用[24-26].相关研究显示,土壤微生物生物量碳(Soil microbial biomass carbon,SMBC)与土壤微生物生物量氮(Soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)对环境的变化更敏感与强烈,SMBC增长速率的变化与微生物的自然生长规律表现一致,当外界营养物质大量增加时,微生物急剧增加,当群落趋于稳定后,其增长速率则随之降低,植被恢复过程中,土壤养分与微生物量关系密切[27-29].因此,需要从碳氮组分入手对植被恢复的机制进行研究.
3.2 结论
采用时空互代法,在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地研究不同恢复阶段与不同土层的SOC与TN的变化规律,得出以下主要结论:
1)随着植被恢复的进行,SOC与TN含量显著增加(P<0.05);
2)随着土层深度的增加,SOC与TN含量显著减小(P<0.05).
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Biography:GUI De-zhi,male,born in 1977,assistant engineer,research direction: forest cultivation and forest ecology.
Effects of Re-vegetation on Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in PurpleSoils on Sloping-land in Hengyang of Hunan
GUI De-zhi1, KUANG Yi-ming1, ZHANG Wei-guo1, WEN Dong-xin2
(1.Qiyang County Guabang Mountain Forest Farm,Qiyang426100,China; 2.College of Science,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004,China)
The re-vegetation stages were classified into successive early stage,middle stage and later stage by using an approach of spatial sequence instead of temporal sequence,and the soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in 0~10,10~20,20~30 and 30~40 cm soil layer of three successive stages were respectively measured.The results showed that: 1)In the process of re-vegetation,the contents of SOC and TN in each soil layer significantly increased(P<0.05),which order followed as later stage(SOC,TN)>middle stage(SOC,TN)>early stage(SOC,TN); 2)With increase of soil depth,SOC and TN significantly decreased(P<0.05),which order followed as 0~10 cm soil layer(SOC,TN)>10~20 cm soil layer(SOC,TN)>20~30 cm soil layer(SOC,TN)>30~40 cm soil layer(SOC,TN).1fig.,3tabs.,29refs.
soil organic carbon(SOC); total nitrogen(TN); re-vegetation; Hengyang.
2016-09-15
国家“十五”农业科技重大专项资助(编号: 2001BA507A)
桂德志(1977-),男,湖南祁阳人,助理工程师,研究方向:森林培育与森林生态.
2095-7300(2016)04-018-05
S153.6
A