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不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术后新发房颤的临床研究进展

2017-01-10龚嘉淼梅举

中国心血管病研究 2017年6期
关键词:搭桥术心房房颤

龚嘉淼 梅举

综 述

不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术后新发房颤的临床研究进展

龚嘉淼 梅举

术后新发房颤; 不停跳冠状动脉搭桥

术后新发房颤是冠状动脉搭桥术后常见的并发症之一,发病率在15%~45%,多发生在术后第二天,同时患者术后住院时间及死亡率都明显增加[1-4]。目前多项研究显示,体外循环是冠状动脉搭桥术后新发房颤的主要危险因素之一[5-7],而关于不停跳冠状动脉搭桥手术术后新发房颤的危险因素、发生机制及预防治疗等相关研究尚未完全明确。本文主要针对以上各方面并结合目前相关研究进展进行综述。

1 危险因素

1.1 一般情况

1.1.1 年龄 目前大量研究显示,高龄是不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术后新发房颤的主要独立危险因素,随着年龄的增加,患者术后新发房颤的发生率明显增加[4,5,8,9]。Hashemzadeh等[7]的研究显示,年龄>65岁的患者术后出现房颤的概率明显升高。

1.1.2 性别 国外研究显示,男性是不停跳冠脉搭桥术后新发房颤的危险因素之一[10]。而其他研究则认为性别与术后新发房颤无关[5,8,9]。

1.1.3 糖尿病 合并糖尿病的不停跳搭桥术后患者术后新发房颤发生率明显增加[11,12]。糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)可以作为有效的术前检测,提示术后新发房颤的发生。

1.1.4 其他 除以上所述之外,高血压、吸烟、BMI指数等都有相关的报道显示与不停跳搭桥术后新发房颤相关[10],但是报道及研究的数量较少,目前未达成共识。

1.2 既往手术情况

1.2.1 二次手术 有过心脏手术史的患者,不停跳搭桥术后的房颤发生率明显增加[3,9],特别是既往行二尖瓣手术的患者,其术后房颤发生率较其他患者明显增加。

1.2.2 术前冠脉支架植入术 患者术前的冠脉支架数量与不停跳搭桥术后的房颤发生有着显著的统计学关系。Pliam等[13]的研究表明,术前冠脉支架>3个的患者,术后房颤的发生较术前无冠脉支架植入或支架<3个的患者明显增加。

1.3 心脏相关情况

1.3.1 心脏节律情况 多发心房早搏和心率变异性也是术后房颤发生的危险因素,Hashimoto等[14]对术前患者的24 h holter研究证实了这一点。并且Kinoshita等[15]的研究进一步表明,心率变异性较小的患者术后房颤的发生也明显降低。

1.3.2 左心房大小 左房扩大是国内外公认的不停跳搭桥术后房颤发生的独立危险因素之一[16-18]。Bouchot等[16]的研究提示,左房直径>45 mm的患者不停跳搭桥术后房颤发生率明显增加。而其他相关研究表明,左房容积指数(LAVI)可以更好地提示术后房颤的发生,并且认为LAVI>32 ml/m2的患者术后出现房颤的概率明显升高。

1.3.3 左心室功能 左心室射血分数(LVEF)常用来评估左心室收缩功能,患者的LVEF越低,不停跳搭桥术后出现房颤的概率越大。Choi等[19]的研究显示,LVEF<30%的患者术后更易出现新发房颤。其他研究推荐使用左室流速峰值(UntwV)来评估患者左心室功能[18,20],指出UntwV升高的患者术后新发房颤的概率也更高。

1.3.4 冠脉病变位置 右冠状动脉病变患者不停跳搭桥术后房颤发生率显著增加。Haghjoo等[21]的研究发现,右冠状动脉病变以及未实行右冠搭桥的患者,较其他患者有更高的风险发生房颤。

1.3.5 其他 另外一些文献显示,心包积液及其积液中的高度BNP表达、冠脉搭桥支数等也可提示不停跳搭桥术后房颤的发生[22,23],但是目前研究较少,缺乏详细可靠的资料。

1.4 术前生化检验指标情况

1.4.1 炎症反应相关指标(CRP和sCD40L) 术前血清中的高C反应蛋白(CRP)水平显著增加患者不停跳搭桥术后房颤的发生[19,24,25]。Mirhosseini等[25]发现,术前超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)≥3 mg/dl可有效提示术后发生房颤的高风险。另外,Antoniades等[26]的研究显示,一个提示血小板激活的炎症前因子可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L),不停跳搭桥术前在血清中高表达,与术后房颤的高发生率显著相关。

1.4.2 脑钠肽(NT-proBNP和BNP) 大量研究显示,术前NT-proBNP和BNP在血清中高水平表达,明显提示患者不停跳搭桥术后房颤的高发生率[27,28]。

1.4.3 生长分化因子-15(GDF-15) Bouchot等[16]的研究表明,术前血清中低水平的GDF-15明显提示术后房颤的高发生率,但是目前有待其他相关研究的佐证。

1.5 术中及术后相关情况

1.5.1 桥血管选择 Prapas等[3]对1359例患者的研究统计中,发现使用双侧乳内动脉的患者,术后房颤的发生率明显升高。另外,Zangrillo等[9]的研究提示,在中间支搭桥的患者,术后发生房颤的风险也明显增加。

1.5.2 术后情况 对于术后输血与房颤发生的关系目前仍有争议。Choi等[19]的研究显示,术后输红细胞增加房颤的风险;但Bramer等[10]则持相反观点。术后电解质紊乱如低钾血症和低镁血症也是主要危险因素之一。此外,术后全身炎症反应也与术后房颤有关[29]。

2 发病机制

随着近年来研究的不断深入,目前认为不停跳搭桥术后新发房颤是由于多种因素造成的,主要包括心房改变和术后全身炎症反应两个方面。

2.1 心房的改变 目前大量研究集中在心房结构的改变,包括高龄和已有心脏疾病造成的心房结构改变如纤维化等,导致心房电生理的不均一性,进而引起心脏传导系统的改变。心房纤维化对术后新发房颤的影响已被国内外多个研究所证实。Li等[30]的研究很好地表明右房纤维化和术后房颤发生的显著联系。而Mariscalco等[31]在研究了右房组织标本在体外循环前后的对比后,进一步排除了体外循环对心房组织的影响,间接说明了主要是术前因素造成了心房纤维化。另外,心房的电生理改变也被发现与术后新发房颤发生有关。Van Wagoner等[32]的研究表明,心房的L型钙通道改变引起的钙超载,潜在地触发术后房颤的发生,但是目前尚缺乏其他相关研究证实。

2.2 炎症反应 患者搭桥术后的全身炎症反应目前是公认的引起术后房颤的原因之一。由于不停跳搭桥避免了体外循环造成的炎症反应,故目前主要认为是手术过程中的直接损伤造成的炎症反应导致房颤的发生。目前尚有许多研究显示,体外循环下搭桥手术与不停跳搭桥手术在术后房颤的发生率上无明显差异[33,34],但这也侧面说明了主要是手术操作而不是体外循环导致了术后房颤的发生。而其他关于微创小切口搭桥的研究显示,更小的手术创伤术后房颤发生得更少[35,36]。Anselmi等[37]以及Ishida等[29]通过对患者术后炎症相关因子的研究,很好地支持了术后全身炎症反应与房颤发生的显著联系;Narducci等[38]的研究指出术中心肌损伤与房颤的联系。

3 预防及治疗

3.1 手术相关的预防

3.1.1 微创手术 大量研究都支持不停跳搭桥明显降低了术后的房颤发生率[6,7]。而现在随着微创及机器人手术技术的发展,微创冠脉搭桥手术广泛开展。根据Milani等[35]及Seco等[36]的研究,行微创小切口腔镜下不停跳搭桥手术的患者有着较低的房颤发生率。

3.1.2 麻醉操作 Bakhtiary等[39]的研究表明,使用全麻及上胸段硬膜外阻滞的麻醉方法较传统的全麻,患者心律失常包括房颤的发生均明显降低。在麻醉药物的使用上,使用七氟烷(sevoflurane)实行超速诱导麻醉并术后立刻拔除气管插管的患者,较传统使用地氟醚(desflurane)患者,术后房颤的发生率明显降低[40]。

3.2 术后监护管理预防 术后监护措施也有助于防治不停跳搭桥术后房颤的发生。Edgerton等[41]对2376例患者的研究提示,术后早期拔除气管插管可以显著降低不停跳搭桥术后房颤的发生。另外,在术后患者的通气管理方面,Tashiro等[42]的研究指出,使用自适应支持通气(adaptive servo-ventilation)的患者可以显著减少术后房颤的发生并且减少住院时间。预防性的起搏器支持治疗,即通过起搏器超速抑制异位起搏点和改变心房激动方式,可以减少术后房颤的发生[43]。

3.3 药物防治

3.3.1 β受体阻滞剂 多项临床研究显示,术中及术后使用β受体阻滞剂可以有效降低术后房颤的发生。Ogawa等[44]和Osumi等[45]的研究指出,术中低剂量使用盐酸兰地洛尔有助于降低术后房颤风险。Maisawa等[46]和Nagaoka等[47]的研究则支持术后低剂量使用盐酸兰地洛尔降低房颤风险的作用。美国心脏协会和欧洲心胸外科协会在关于术后新发房颤的指南中指出,如果患者没有用药的禁忌证,将β受体阻滞剂作为预防术后新发房颤的Ⅰ类推荐药物。

3.3.2 胺碘酮 大量研究证实了术前及术后静脉和口服使用胺碘酮防治不停跳搭桥术后房颤发生的有效性和安全性[48]。Gu等[49]的研究提示,对于>70岁的患者,术前静脉使用胺碘酮并在术后继续口服胺碘酮,可以明显减少术后房颤发生。但是同时也必须注意到胺碘酮的较多不良反应,故在临床使用上,需要结合患者的情况来适当使用。

3.3.3 他汀类药物 他汀类药物对于预防不停跳搭桥术后房颤的发生也有一定作用[50,51]。Kinoshita等[52]的研究显示,术前使用他汀类药物可显著降低术后房颤的发生。国内Ji等[53]的研究同样支持他汀类药物的有效性。但是,Miceli等[54]的研究提示,术前使用他汀类药物增加了术后房颤的风险。目前对于他汀类药物的预防效果及有效性有待继续研究达成共识。

3.3.4 抗炎药物 术后炎症反应被认为是不停跳搭桥术后房颤发生的主要原因之一,故抗炎药物的应用如激素类药物可以通过降低术后炎症反应从而预防房颤的发生。Suezawa等[55]的研究支持了这个观点,术前从麻醉开始前静脉使用甲强龙有助于降低CRP水平及预防术后房颤发生,但是对于术前左室功能严重受损的患者则无明显作用[56]。

3.3.5 其他 另外一些研究[57,58]也同样提示,术后使用抗心律失常药物如普罗帕酮,以及使用n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,均对不停跳搭桥术后房颤的预防有着一定的作用。

3.4 治疗策略 不停跳搭桥术后新发的房颤大多属于一过性的房颤,很快可转复为窦性心律,故无需特别治疗。但对于持续>48 h的房颤或既往有脑血管病史的患者,因其有发生脑血管事件的高风险,故除了需要及时控制心室率和转复心律以外,还需要进行抗凝治疗来预防血栓形成。搭桥术后患者均需要长期服用阿司匹林,而根据2014美国心脏协会和2016欧洲心胸外科协会发布的指南显示,单纯使用阿司匹林对于预防房颤后脑血管事件无有效的降低作用,故对于>48 h的房颤及既往有脑血管病史的患者,需要予以抗凝治疗。对于INR的目标值,推荐为2~3[59]。但对于高出血风险的高龄人群(>75岁),美国心脏协会推荐INR目标值在1.6~2.6。此外,对于抗凝治疗时间的长短仍未达成共识。Hwang等[60]建议短期抗凝即可,即对于不停跳搭桥术后房颤的患者,恢复窦性心律且术后心超显示心房收缩力恢复正常则可以停止抗凝。但是由于其样本容量的局限性,还有待于进一步讨论。

4 有待解决的问题与展望

目前随着医疗技术的发展,更多的心脏中心开展不停跳搭桥技术,对于不停跳搭桥术后新发房颤的研究也不断深入,然而目前仍有以下问题有待进一步研究证实。

对于术前有不停跳搭桥术后新发房颤高危因素的患者,术前术后如何进行有效的预防。并且对于不停跳搭桥术后房颤抗凝治疗的策略也有待于进一步的讨论。

随着科技的发展以及对不停跳搭桥术后新发房颤的越来越多的重视,对于其发生的病理生理机制也将会更加清晰明确,从而可以有效地指导临床上的个体化治疗策略。

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Clinical research progress in new-onset post-operative atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

New-onset post-operative atrial fibrillation; Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

200092 上海市,上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院心胸外科

梅举,E-mail:ju_mei63@126.com

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2017.06.003

R654.2

A

1672-5301(2017)06-0489-06

2016-11-18)

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