以“和（and）”为贵

张顺均+吴荣华

并列连词and 是在高考试题中出现频率较高的一个词，其结构为A and B 或A ， B and C，其中，字母A、B、C代表同类的词或短语，即A、B、C的词性相同，若是动词，其时态和非谓语动词形式也要一致，即“并列一致”。and是答题的关键依据，它涉及所有的题型，尤其是语法填空和短文改错。因此，备考中要以和（and）为贵，重点关注。

一、语法填空

[例1]（2016全国III卷） Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________ （be） too violent for use at the table.

答案：were

解析：believed后跟一个宾语从句，and连接了从句中两个并列的谓语，主语knives是复数，would 是过去时，根据and的并列一致原则，这里也用过去时，故填were。

[例2]（2016全国III卷）In much of Asia， especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China， Japan， Korea， ________ Vietnam， food is usually eaten with chopsticks.

答案：and

解析：根据and的并列一致原则，China， Japan， Korea 和Vietnam都是国家名，故填and。

[例3]（2016全国II卷）If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work， you should take a step back and identify（识别）those of ________ （great） and less importance.

答案：greater

解析：less是形容词的比较级形式，根据and并列一致原则，great 也需要使用比较级形式，故填greater。

[例4] （2014辽宁卷） Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches， naturally and________（soft）.

答案：softly

解析：根据and并列一致原则，soft也应同naturally一样，用副词。意为：要很自然柔和地弯曲膝盖，伸展胳膊。

[例5]（2016广州二模） He found a job， ________（rent） a house and quit drinking alcohol afterwards.

答案：rented

解析：根据and并列一致原则，found a job， rented a house， quit drinking alcohol三个动词短语形式应一致，由found可知是一般过去时，可知rent也应为一般过去式，故填rented。

[例6]（2016湛江二模）This removes mental blocks and ________ （allow） you to use all of your brain power to better understand yourself， others， and the world around you.

答案：allows

解析：根据and并列一致原则， removes 和allows并列，所以填allows。

二、短文改错

[例1]5（2016全国Ⅱ卷）We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

答案：take→taking

解析：由and可知，staying at home与taking a trip构成动名词平行结构，作介词between的宾语。

[例2]（2015全国II 卷）A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.

答案：telling →told

解析：形式上看，and前后连接的都是ing形式。但根据句意和逻辑判断，saw him crying 和told him to wait outside the shop并列，也就是说told和saw都用一般过去式，故改telling 为 told。

[例3]（2014全国I 卷）The fruits are small in size， but juicy and taste.

答案：taste→tasty

解析：根据and并列一致原则，juicy是形容词作表语，tasty要和juciy词性一致，所以改taste为tasty。

[例4]（2014全国II卷）The teachers here are kind and helpfully.

答案：helpfully→helpful

解析：根据and并列一致原则，kind是形容词作表语，helpful要和kind在词性上要一致，所以改helpfully为helpful。

[例5]（2016全国III卷）The teenage years from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life.

答案：worse→worst

解析：根据and并列原则，主语they是三者以上，best是最高级，worst要和best都应用最高级，故改worse为worst。

[例6] （2014全国Ⅱ卷）We can lie on the grass for a rest， or sat by the lake listening to music.

答案：sat→sit

解析：连词or连接两个并列谓语，sat应与lie一致。

综上所述，连词and虽小，可在试题中往往起着关键作用。从and 出发解题，既快又准。每遇到它都不要轻易放过，都要认真分析谁和谁并列，分析句子结构，找准and所真正连接的成分。

此外，前后平行一致的并列连词，除了and外，还有or（或者） ，but，as well as（和）， rather than（而不）， both... and（既……又）能，not...but（不是……而是），not only...but （also）（不但……而且）， either...or（或者……或者）， neither...nor（既不……也不）， whether...or（不论……还是）等。这些平行结构也是常考点。

三、巩固练习

语法填空

1. （2014全国I卷） But the river wasnt changed in a few days ______even a few months.

2. （2014广东卷） We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week， _____ for the week after.

3. （2014辽宁卷） It asks you to act like water： to be flexible as well _____strong.

4. （2013广东卷） So Nick called to his son， “Go to the village and buy some salt， but pay a fair price for it： neither too much ______ too little.”

5. （2011广东卷） I got on the bus and found a seat near the back， and then I noticed a man sit at the front. He_______ （pretend） that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.

6. （2009广东卷） People stepped on your feet or ______（push） you with their elbows（肘部），hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

短文改错

7. （2016浙江卷）Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.

8. （2014四川卷）Dont panic or get out of line， and trying to remain quiet and calm.

9.（2014全国大纲卷）The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.

10. （2012全国Ⅰ卷）I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.

11. （2012全国II卷）We， as well as animals， cannot live without water and neither agriculture or industry can go without it.

12. （2012全国大纲卷）Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.

13. （2012全国大纲卷）For example， how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there？

14. （2012四川卷）Thank you so much for not only giving me life， but also teach me how to be a good person.

15. （2011浙江卷）I guessed， even at that age， I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or faced my cousin again.

参考答案

1. or 因 in a few days 与even a few months并列，在否定句中并列，用or，表示“或者”。

2. but 因not...but（不是……而是）是固定搭配。

3. as 因as well as（和，也）是固定搭配。

4. nor 因neither...nor（既不也不）是固定搭配。

5. was pretending 由后面的and giving it a voice可知，必有动词的-ing形式与之并列，pretend是谓语动词，前句谓语动词又是一般过去时，可想到此处用过去进行时。

6. pushed 与stepped并列，也用一般过去时。

7. 去掉had 因and连接两个平行的句子。根据后句would talk可知，前句谓语应为would have。

8. trying改为try 因为连词and连接的是两个同样性质的内容，前面是一个祈使句，后面也应该是一个祈使句，祈使句以动词原形开头，故使用try。

9. trust 因and trusting应与have 一致，在宾语从句中作并列谓语。

10. little改为less 因and little aggressive应与前面的more patient一致，都有比较级。

11. or改为nor 因neither... nor ...是固定句型。

12. electric改为electricity 因and electric应与前面的water词性一致，为名词，一起作介词of的宾语。

13. leave改为left 因and连接walked和left，两者要一致，都用过去分词。

14. teach改为teaching 因not only...but also连接的动词形式要一致，一起作介词for的宾语，都用动名词。

15. faced改为face 因or faced应与be一致，都用原形，与would一起构成谓语。

责任编辑 蒋小青