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名词的用法与高考常考考点

2017-01-09石远金

广东教育·高中 2016年11期
关键词:复数介词定语

石远金

表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词叫名词,英语中的名词有词尾变化,而汉语中的名词无词尾变化。名词的主要用法如下:

一、名词的用法

1. 作主语

Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits. 健康问题与不良的饮食习惯息息相关。

Self-Confidence is the key to success. 自信是成功的关键。

2. 作表语

It is no use arguing with Mary because she will never change her mind. 与玛丽争辩是没有用的,因为她从来不会改变主意。

3. 作动词的宾语

At the meeting they discussed three different approaches to the study of mathematics. 在会上,他们讨论了三种不同的数学学习方法。

4. 作介词的宾语

School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations. 必须教会学生如何处理危险情况。

He made a promise to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. 他对父母许下诺言,毕业后自己谋生。

5. 作定语

多数情况下名词用单数形式作定语

Sorry,I am not a chemistry teacher, but an English teacher. 对不起,我不是化学老师,而是英语老师。

又如,a shoe shop /a film star / winter holiday / street lamps / village people / a stone bridge / heart attack 鞋店/电影明星/寒假/街灯/村民/石桥/心脏病发作

▲注意

(1)man和woman作定语:其单复数形式与所修饰的单复数保持一致,常用“单单(a woman teacher)复复(two men nurses)。”

(2)但有些名词需要用复数形式作定语:a sports meeting运动会,a clothes shop服装店,a sales manager销售经理。

(3)在表示时间、地点、距离、团体和机构等的名词作定语时要使用名词所有格形式:five minutes walk步行五分钟的路程,todays newspaper今天的报纸。

6. 作同位语

Mr. Black, our new history teacher, is friendly to us. 布莱克先生,我们的新历史老师,对我们很友好。

We students need to be honest in having exams. 我们学生在考试中要诚实。

7. 作状语

We dont have any classes Sundays. 星期天我们不上课。

二、考点点拨

在全国卷中,名词方面的考点主要体现在语法填空和短文改错中,考查名词的用法、名词的单复数、不可数名词的用法特点和名词的所有格。

1. 下列词修饰名词时,名词都要用复数形式:many, several, a few, one and half, one / each of..., a pile of, a series of, a group of,a hand of, these, those, both, all,以及大于一的数词等。

2. 在下列词组中名词要用复数形式:burst into tears, best wishes / regards to sb(向某人问侯), shake hands with, make friends with,in low/high spirits(以很高热情地), bad / good manners(无 / 有礼貌), in the 1990s, take turns, by turns, by means of, hurt ones feelings, have / take lessons, in rags(衣衫破烂), in ones eyes, thanks to等。

3. in+ones+基数词的复数形式,表示“在某人几十多岁时”。例如:in his fifties在他五十多岁时。

4. tens of, dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of等短语后面也接复数形式。

5. 只有复数形式的名词有trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks, congratulations, belongings, scissors, glasses, wages(工资),riches(财富),surroundings(环境),ashes(灰尘),compasses(圆规)等。

6. 下列名词都没有复数形式:fun, advice, information, news, health, wealth, progress, weather, nature, music, clothing , furniture, equipment, baggage, housework, homework, traffic, laughter等。

7. 抽象名词surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, knowledge, honor具体化为可数名词时,其前面通常用不定冠词,如:He was a success. 他是个成功的人。

三、真题练习

语法:

1. (2016年I卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract).

2.(2016年I卷)The nursery team switches him every few________ (day) with his sister.

3. (2016年Ⅱ卷)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve).

4.(2016年Ⅱ卷)Recent ________ (study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

5.(2016年Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the ________ (develop) of chopsticks.

6.(2015年I卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________ (painting).

7.(2014年I卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the ________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

改错:

1.(2016年I卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

2.(2016年Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

3.( 1206年Ⅱ卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges.

4.(2015年I卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

参考答案与解析:

语法:

1. attraction 指“吸引人的事物”, 名词作表语,

2. days 空格前有few 修饰,故day用复数。

3. achievement 作介词of的宾语,用名词。

4. studies 由show可知主语为复数。

5. development作动词influenced的宾语,用名词。

6. paintings 因受many修饰,要用复数形式。

7. changes 名词作主语,由are可知,要用复数形式changes。

改错:

1. honest改为honesty,名词作表语。

2. 表示从“13到19岁”这几年,year为可数名词,故year应改为复数形式years。

3. knowledge意为“知识”,是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故改knowledges为knowledge。

4. 因air是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故改airs为 air。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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