《听客溪的朝圣》:时光祭典
2017-01-05聂卉
聂卉
安妮.迪拉德(Annie Dillard),美国当代女作家,1945年生于宾夕法尼亚州的匹兹堡,1968年毕业于霍林斯学院英文系。迪拉德的创作文类多样,作品包括诗集《转经轮的票》(Tickets for a Prayer Wheel, 1974)、《如此这般的早晨》(Mornings like This, 1995),两部小说《活着》(The Living, 1992)、《梅特里一家》(The Maytrees, 2007),散文《听客溪的朝圣》(Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, 1974)、《神圣的坚实》(Holy the Firm, 1977)、《与中国作家相会》(Encounters with Chinese Writers, 1984)、《写作生涯》(The Writing Life, 1989)、《现世》(For the Time Being, 1999)以及回忆录《美国童年》(An American Childhood, 1987)等。其中《听客溪的朝圣》是迪拉德最重要的作品,荣获1975年的普利策奖。迪拉德深受梭罗、爱默生等影响,其作品关注人的心灵和自然世界,语言诗意优美。目前迪拉德居住在纽约,专心于阅读和写作。
Thomas Merton2) wrote, “There is always a temptation to diddle3) around in the contemplative4) life, making itsy-bitsy5) statues.” There is always an enormous temptation in all of life to diddle around making itsy-bitsy friends and meals and journeys for itsy-bitsy years on end. It is so self-conscious, so apparently moral, simply to step aside from the gaps where the creeks and winds pour down, saying, I never merited6) this grace, quite rightly, and then to sulk7) along the rest of your days on the edge of rage. I wont have it. The world is wilder than that in all directions, more dangerous and bitter, more extravagant and bright. We are making hay when we should be making whoopee8); we are raising tomatoes when we should be raising Cain9), or Lazarus10).
Ezekiel11) excoriates12) false prophets as those who have “not gone up into the gaps.” The gaps are the thing. The gaps are the spirits one home, the altitudes and latitudes so dazzlingly spare and clean that the spirit can discover itself for the first time like a once- blind man unbound. The gaps are the cliffs in the rock where you cower13) to see the back parts of God; they are the fissures14) between mountains and cells the wind lances through, the icy narrowing fiords15) splitting the cliffs of mystery. Go up into the gaps. If you can find them; they shift and vanish too. Stalk16) the gaps. Squeak into a gap in the soil, turn, and unlock—more than a maple—a universe. This is how you spend this afternoon, and tomorrow morning, and tomorrow afternoon. Spend the afternoon. You cant take it with you.
I live in tranquillity and trembling. Sometimes I dream. I am interested in Alice17) mainly when she eats the cooky that makes her smaller. I would pare18) myself or be pared that I too might pass through the merest crack, a gap I know is there in the sky. I am looking just now for the cooky. Sometimes I open, pried19) like a fruit. Or I am porous20) as old bone, or translucent21), a tinted22) condensation of the air like a watercolor wash, and I gaze around me in bewilderment, fancying I cast no shadow. Sometimes I ride a bucking faith while one hand grips and the other flails23) the air, and like any daredevil I gouge24) with my heels for blood, for a wilder ride, for more.
There is not a guarantee in the world. Oh your needs are guaranteed, your needs are absolutely guaranteed by the most stringent of warranties, in the plainest, truest words: knock; seek; ask. But you must read the fine print. “Not as the world giveth, give I unto you.” Thats the catch. If you can catch it will catch you up, aloft, up to any gap at all, and youll come back, for you will come back, transformed in a way you may not have bargained for—dribbling25) and crazed26). The waters of separation, however lightly sprinkled, leave indelible27) stains. Did you think, before you were caught, that you needed, say, life? Do you think you will keep your life, or anything else you love? But no. Your needs are all met. But not as the world giveth. You see the needs of your own spirit met whenever you have asked, and you have learned that the outrageous guarantee holds. You see the creatures die, and you know you will die. And one day it occurs to you that you must not need life. Obviously. And then youre gone. You have finally understood that youre dealing with a maniac28).
I think that the dying pray at the last not “please,” but “thank you,” as a guest thanks his host at the door. Falling from airplanes the people are crying thank you, thank you, all down the air; and the cold carriages29) draw up for them on the rocks. Divinity is not playful. The universe was not made in jest30) but in solemn incomprehensible earnest. By a power that is unfathomably31) secret, and holy, and fleet. There is nothing to be done about it, but ignore it, or see. And then you walk fearlessly, eating what you must, growing wherever you can, like the monk on the road who knows precisely how vulnerable he is, who takes no comfort among death-forgetting men, and who carries his vision of vastness and might around in his tunic like a live coal which neither burns nor warms him, but with which he will not part.
1. 英文节选自本书最后一章,主要讲述人应该拒绝在沉思中混日子过的诱惑,应该更加狂野与骁勇地探索世界的未知。
2. Thomas Merton:托马斯·默顿(1915~1968),美国作家,20世纪最著名的基督教神秘论者之一
3. diddle [?d?d(?)l] vi. 〈美〉浪费时间,闲混
4. contemplative [k?n?templ?t?v] adj. 沉思的;好沉思的
5. itsy-bitsy [??tsi?b?tsi] adj. 极小的,纤小的
6. merit [?mer?t] vt. 值得;应受到……
7. sulk [s?lk] vi. 生气而不说话,愠怒
8. whoopee [w??pi?] n. 狂欢作乐
9. Cain:该隐,《圣经》里的人物,因嫉妒和憎恨杀死自己的弟弟。
10. Lazarus:拉撒路,《圣经》里的人物,病亡后又被耶稣救活。
11. Ezekiel:以西结,公元前六世纪以色列的先知
12. excoriate [?k?sk??r??e?t] vt. 严厉指责,痛斥
作品赏析
英国诗人兰德在75岁时曾这样谈论生命及自然:“我和谁都不争,/和谁争我都不屑;/我爱大自然,/其次就是艺术;/我双手烤着,/生命之火取暖;/火萎了,/我也该走了。”在弗吉尼亚州蓝岭的听客溪边,有一位年轻人,也选择与自然为伴,专注于观察、思考、阅读和写作,她在树荫里观看阳光下的松鼠,听山谷中鸟儿的鸣啼从一个山头传到另一个山头,俯头观察溪水中游动的鲈鱼,与一只捕食猎物的苍鹭对视,抑或坐在横于水上的桐叶枫树上看书,在夜里仰望200万光年外的仙女座星系,看四季在生灵万物中流转。
冬天,在阴天时去看人们脸上荡漾的可爱和温柔,雪天时凝视每一朵雪花的飘落。傍晚看成群的燕八哥蜿蜒飞向落日,夜晚则在樱桃木炉火旁阅读,想象爱斯基摩人如何造冰屋、缝合衣物,抑或神游至外海,垂线钓一条北极斑鲑。金鱼和蜘蛛在屋中游走,万物各安其所。
春天,林子里开满了花,鹅掌楸发出的新芽优雅地端坐于叶中央,反舌鸟在云杉上唱歌,水蜥在溪中游动。也是在这个充满生机的春天里,迪拉德质疑那造物主以挥金如土的禀赋和充满奢华的关爱创造出的繁复世界,而最终明白美本身就是创造者丰茂的果实,那繁复的、奇异的、纠缠的、抑或恐怖的,最终都在善意的恩宠下自由成长,活泼奢华,恰如其分。而“我”要做的则是在明媚的春光中感受自然的丰茂,从鸭池塘的一滴水中窥探听客溪的整个春天,在森林里的破水族箱上捡起已经蜕落的蛇皮,看落日霞光奔跑着掠过群山,在一年中最富有生命力的季节过纯净的生活。
夏天,蚱蜢在草原上集结军队,溪水上涨,洪水泛滥。夏夜天空的蓝色穹顶犹如马戏团的帐篷,迪拉德荡入这个神秘的世界,想一窥究竟,于是那为世人所赞美的自然的容颜逐渐被揭开面纱,残酷、愚蠢抑或荒谬一一呈现。寄生虫贪婪地毁灭一切,各物种相互残杀甚至自我啃噬,溪中的青蛙被巨型田鳖瞬间吸干,草蜻蜓会食自己刚产的卵,雄螳螂在交配中被雌螳螂一点点吃掉。造物主在造出丰盈万物的同时也在吞噬这个世界,自然的身上满是疤痕,面对大自然未戴冠冕的样子,迪拉德产生了无数的疑问:这个世界如此丰沃又如此残酷,它到底是在做生的买卖,还是死的交易?究竟是我们为死亡哀悼的情感出了错,还是世界的运行机制荒唐之至?她继续潜行在听客溪边,在安静等待麝香鼠的时刻,明白自然界的万物自顾自死亡又生长,却始终保有美好的尊严,人类的悲哀与观看无法介入,“不管我们要不要,或知不知道,美和天道兀自展现,我们只能尽量在场。”于是“我”变成花瓣、石头、羽毛,潜行于听客溪边,学会与大自然真正相处,静候它发光的荣耀。
秋天来了,它让石榴变甜,让蟋蟀和大黄蜂失去知觉,在红枫上燃起火焰,让已结籽的青草弯下腰,再把蚯蚓和甲虫们全部推入了泥土深处,酝酿着下一场四季轮回。
时间周而复始,那些发出的疑问又散入了空气中。在为父复仇、重整乾坤的重任面前,哈姆雷特也曾发出生与死的天问:“谁愿忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视,要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子,就可以清算他自己的一生?”哈姆雷特最终倒在大殿之上,却用疑问和生命为我们上演了一场绝美的命运悲剧。造物主不回答任何人,我们看见、发问,然后继续生长,“年轻人自豪地以恋人为其伤疤命名;老人独自在镜前,用眼睛拭去其伤疤,见到完整的自我”。于是在跌宕起伏的人生中,我们怒吼着,等待着,盼望着,然而最终赞颂那曾所见的世间万物为美。
保持纯真和忘我是迪拉德选择与自然相处的方式,或许也是与世间万物相处的最高法则。宋人张拟在《棋经》中将下围棋的境界分为九品,其中二品为坐照,一品则为入神。在写作《包法利夫人》期间,福楼拜曾在给朋友的信中谈道:“我感到男人与女人、情人与情妇在自己身上融为一体,在这个秋天的午后,在金黄色的树林里,我骑马漫步,我就是马、树叶、风以及它们倾谈的话语,我就是那使它们沐浴着爱意的眼睑半开半阖的红色的阳光。”那全身心的投入与忘我,是让神入驻自己的心灵,屏息静候美降临的时刻,是想将自己变成世界忠实的观察者和记录员,做造物主的朝圣者。
《听客溪的朝圣》并不是一部十分成熟的作品,偶尔像是生物学考察日志,偶尔又像是浪漫派的诗歌。它呈现的是安妮·迪拉德对大自然的细致观察和诗意感受,但更多时候我们看到的是一些美的时刻,是许多形而上的大胆发问,是一位二十几岁的年轻人睥睨一切的目光和天马行空的思考。一切美的事物、新鲜的知识,我们称之为奢华的、丰盈的、残暴的、危险的、繁复的,还有那勇敢无畏的好奇心,在年轻的头颅中驰骋冲撞,火花四溅。这是属于年轻人的时刻,充盈的生命与这世界交锋的每个时刻都大声诘问,它被撕裂、被驯服,并最终毫无保留地将心灵献祭于自然和美。迪拉德在等待那道光,它来时,山岳大开,万物轰隆。
25年后迪拉德再次谈起年轻时与自然为伴的那些日子:“我毫不畏惧上帝而冲了进去;27岁的时候我以为自己拥有一切该有的放逸,来与世间最伟大的主题交锋。我毫不畏惧人而冲了进去。”那些困惑、诘问终将都成为歌颂。迪拉德说“你看到什么就得到什么”。那些行于大路上的年轻人,请告诉我,你看到了什么?
13. cower [?ka??(r)] vi. 蜷缩,蹲
14. fissure [?f???(r)] n. (狭而深长的)裂缝,裂隙
15. fiord [?fi???(r)d] n. 峡湾
16. stalk [st??k] vt. 悄悄地追踪,潜近
17. Alice:指小说《爱丽丝梦游仙境》(Alices Adventures in Wonderland)里的女主人公爱丽丝。故事叙述了爱丽丝从兔子洞进入一个神奇的地下世界,她在那里喝一口水就能缩得如同老鼠大小,吃一口蛋糕又能变成巨人。
18. pare [pe?(r)] vt. (逐步)削减,缩减
19. pry [pra?] vt. (用杠杆等)撬动,撬开,撬起
20. porous [?p??r?s] adj. 有孔的,多孔的
21. translucent [tr?ns?lu?s(?)nt] adj. 〈古〉透明的;清澈的
22. tinted [?t?nt?d] adj. 带色的
23. flail [fle?l] vt. 鞭打;抽打
24. gouge [ɡa?d?] vi. 凿,挖
25. dribble [?dr?b(?)l] vi. 流口水;垂涎
26. craze [kre?z] vt. 使发狂
27. indelible [?n?del?b(?)l] adj. 难以去除的;洗不掉的;擦不掉的
28. maniac [?me?ni?k] n. 疯子,狂人
29. carriage [?k?r?d?] n. 运输工作, 车辆;(载客的)马车
30. jest [d?est] n. 打趣,嘲笑
31. unfathomably [?n?f???m?b(?)li] adv. 深不可测地