what引导的名词性从句易错点

龚磊++陈慈明

不少同学在学习名词性从句时，因为分不清what在从句中的用法和含义，以及不能区分what与其他连接词的区别，导致在练习和考试当中频频丢分。以下就what引导的名词性从句的用法以及易错易混点做一个分析。

what在名词性从句中的含义和用法

what在名词性从句当中可以充当主语、表语和宾语，根据不同的语境有以下几种不同的含义：

1. 表示“……的东西或事情”。（what= the thing that）

Theyve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。

He saves what he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。

例1 （2015·浙江卷） If you swim in a river or lake， be sure to investigate ________ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.

解析 what。句意为：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的状况。经常会有岩石或树枝隐藏在水中。________ is below the water surface为宾语从句，作动词investigate的宾语，从句中缺少主语且表示“事物”，故答案为what。

2. 表示“……的人或的样子”。

He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。

He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。

Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？

例2 （2014·山东卷） It is difficult for us to imagine ________ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.

解析 what。句意为：我们很难想象古代奴隶们的生活是什么样子的。分析句子结构可知在该空引导的宾语从句中介词like后面缺少宾语，且设空处表示“事物”，所以填what。

3. 表示“……的数量或数目”。（what=the amount that）

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。

The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。

4. 表示“……的时间”。（what=the time that）

After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。

The young girl was too frightened to speak， standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。

5. 表示“……的地方”。（what=the place that）

This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。

In 1492， Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。

易错易混点分析

易错点1、what和that的误用

例3 （2016·上海卷） Eventually， I decided to follow her and _______ happened truly amazed me.

解析 what。句意为：发生的事情真让我很惊讶。设空处无提示词，分析从句的结构可知，从句中缺少主语，且指代的是物，可判断答案what。本句中连接代词what引导主语从句what happened并在句中做主语。

例4 （2016·天津卷） The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

A. whether B. that

C. which D. what

解析 B。句意为：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着连接的作用。

例5 （单句改错） He was interested in that he had seen at the exhibition.

解析 that→what。介词in后的宾语从句中缺少宾语，应用what。

点拨 that不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用；what可作主语、宾语、表语、定语，既充当从句的一个成分，又引导一个从句，意为“什么”“……的人”“……的地方”“……的样子”。

易错点2、what和which的误用

which是一个连接代词，在名词性从句中一般充当主语，宾语或定语，意思是“哪一个”。

I dont know what you want to choose. 我不知道你想选择什么。

I dont know which one you want to choose from the three jobs. 我不知道你想选三个工作中的哪一个。

例6 —Why did you go to the wrong class， Mr. Wang？

—Well， I forget _______ I was supposed to go to.

A. which the room B. which room

C. what the room D. what room

解析 B。句意为：我忘记我应该去哪一个房间。其中which在宾语从句中充当room的定语。

例7 （单句改错） I wanted to know what school it was that you went to in the city.

解析 what→which。句意为：我想知道你究竟上的是这个城市的哪所学校。which引导宾语从句， 修饰后面的school，有限定词的作用，含有疑问意义。

易错点3、what与how 的误用

how在名词性从句中充当方式状语，表示方式方法，相当于the way in which，可翻译为“怎样、怎么”，如：I still remember how I left my hometown for the first time. 而what则在从句当中可以充当主语、表语和宾语。

例8 （2016·全国卷） The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.

解析 how→what。句意为：同学们和我在谈论暑假期间做什么。“特殊疑问词+to do”在本句中作为短语talk about的宾语，其中what还要作为动词do的逻辑宾语。

例9 （单句改错） I dont know how we can do with the present situation.

解析 how→what。what和do with构成搭配，而how则deal with构成搭配。

易错点4、what与whatever的混用

what单独使用，只能引导名词性从句，即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等，意思是“什么（事、情况、内容等）”； whatever既可以引导名词性从句，也能引导让步状语从句，意思是“无论/不管什么（事、情况、内容等）”。

Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。（=Anything that she did was right.）

What she did was right. 她做的事情是对的。（= The thing that she did was right.）

例10 （单句改错） What happens， it will never change my Chinese heart.

解析 What→Whatever. 此处为让步状语从句，whatever happens相当于no matter what happens。

易错点5、it， as与what引导的三种句型的转换

首先请同学们翻译以下这句话：

众所周知，上周举行的聚会是一个巨大的成功。

1. What is well known to us all is that the party held last week was a great success.

2. Its well known to us all that the party held last week was a great success.

3. As is well known to us all， the party held last week was a great success.

该句子的三种翻译中，第一种是用what引导的主语从句，第二句是用it做形式主语引导的主语从句，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句；第三句是用as引导的非限制性定语从句。尽管意思一样，句式却各不相同。

例11 （2016·江苏卷） It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

A. why B. what

C. as D. that

解析 D。句意为：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能事实。it是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that做引导的主语从句，连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已，不能省略。连接副词why要在句中做状语，连接词what通常在句中做主语、宾语或表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。

例12 ________ is known to us all is that the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held in Beijing.

解析 What。句意为：众所周知，2022年冬奥会将在北京举行。________ is known to us all是主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，故用what引导主语从句。

点拨 解决这类问题，应首先分析句子结构，搞清楚究竟属于哪一种句型，再确定应该使用的词语。此外，还应特别注意在短文改错当中，可能对这几种句式进行混淆。

总而言之，要解答what引导名词性从句这类题目中的易错易混点，关键在于分析清楚句子结构，知道引导词的使用习惯。通过判断引导词在从句中所做的成分，来选择正确的引导词。最后，请同学们完成以下几道单句改错，看看问题都出在哪里：

1. That is whatever other teachers say.

2. He was interested in that he had seen at the exhibition.

3. Education is that remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.

4. Nowadays parents tend to do everything for their children and thats what they help them.

5. It is unbelievable what she should make such a mistake.

6. In our life， we often regret what we did and which we couldnt do.

7. Finally， we can predict that may happen in the future and be prepared.

8. I didnt know what one to buy because these books were all useful to me.

9. The problem is what the “Play” doesnt work at all.

参考答案

1. whatever→what 2. that→what

3. that→what 4. what→how

5. what→that 6. which→what

7. what→that 8. what→which

9. what→that