动词的时态考点探究

2016-12-22李燕

高中生学习·高二版 2016年12期

关键词：主句时态谓语

李燕

动词的考查是高考英语中的重点，而动词的时态语态既是英语学习的基础，又是英语测试的难点。

一般现在时与现在进行时

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1. 一般现在时

一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always， every time，now and then， occasionally， often， seldom， sometimes， usually等连用。对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态进行干扰。

（1）考查表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件。

例1 What we used to think _______ impossible now does seem possible.

A. is B. was

C. has been D. will be

解析 B。句意为：我们原先认为不可能的事，如今确实变得可能了。What we used to think为主语从句的主语从句，was为主语从句的谓语动词。

（2）考查表示特征、能力或现时的情况或状态。

例2 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

A. hasnt lived B. didnt live

C. had lived D. doesnt live

解析 D。谓语动词是现在时，表示现在不住在这里。

（3）考查表示普遍真理、事实。

例3 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea， which _______ the Pacific， and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

解析 B。尽管我们横渡太平洋是几个月前的事情，但是海洋的名称是存在的事实。

（4）考查一般现在时的替代用法。

在以when， till/until， as soon as， by the time， after， before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if， unless， once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter， however， even if等引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

例4 —What would you do if it _____ tomorrow？

—We have to carry it on， since weve got everything ready.

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

解析 B。if引导条件状语从句，在条件状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。

2. 现在进行时

（1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。

例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.

A. will be repaired B. is repaired

C. is being repaired D. has been repaired

解析 C。谓语动词是现在时态，说明现在汽车正在被修理。

（2）考查表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作。常用的这类动词有：go， come， leave， arrive， land， meet， move， return， start， stay， stop， give， change， fly， work等。

例6 —Whats the terrible noise？

—The neighbours _______ for a party.

A. have prepared B. are preparing

C. prepare D. will prepare

解析 B。从上下文语境看讲的是现在正在发生的事。

1. 一般过去时

一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday， last year， last night， the other day， just now， then， two days ago， at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中。

例7 Its said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and education.

A. were being designed B. have designed

C. have been designed D. were designed

解析 D。the early说明以前欧洲扑克牌的设计是为了娱乐和教育。

例8 My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.

A. worked B. would work

C. would be working D. has been working

解析 A。two years ago说明是发生在过去的事情。

例9 More than a dozen students in that school ______ abroad to study medicine last year.

A. sent B. were sent

C. had sent D. had been sent

解析 B。last year表示过去，同时主语是复数形式。

2. 过去进行时

把过去进行时放在when， while， as等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。

例10 —You were out when I dropped in at your house.

—Oh， I ______ for a friend from England at the airport.

A. was waiting B. had waited

C. am waiting D. have waited

解析 A。句意为：——我顺路去你家时，你不在家。——啊，（那个时候）我在机场等从英国来的朋友。强调在过去某一时间（你来我家时）正在进行的动作（在机场等人）。

例11 Shirely ______ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.

A. has written B. wrote

C. had written D. was writing

解析 D。根据I dont know whether she has finished it可判断去年她不可能写完这本书，因而去年应该一直在写。选项部分的谓语动词的动作并非在过去某一时间已经完成，而是指在过去某一时间正在进行，故应选过去进行时。

3. 过去完成时

过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，常用此时态。

（1）把过去完成时放在含有when， before， after， until， as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。

例12 When the old man _______ to walk back to his house， the sun _______ itself behind the mountain.

A. started； had already hidden

B. had started； had already hidden

C. had started； was hiding

D. was starting； hid

解析 A。主句的动作在前，从句的动作在后，从句中谓语动词started to walk back表示过去时间点，因此主句的动作应用过去完成时。

（2）把过去完成时放在“by+时间点”或“by the time+从句”的句子里考查。

例13 By the end of last year， another new gymnasium ______ in Beijing.

A. would be completed

B. was being completed

C. has been completed

D. had been completed

解析 D。by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用，表示到过去某个时候前已经完成的动作。

例14 I was giving a talk to a large group of people， the same talk I _______ to half a dozen other groups.

A. was giving B. am giving

C. had given D. have given

解析 C。句意为：我在给一大群人做报告，与给其余六组人做过的是同一个报告。依据上下文的时间概念，推断出所需要的时间（过去的过去）。

1. 现成完成时

（1）考查表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果。

例15 Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases， what worries us is that some of them are returning.

A. achieved B. has achieved

C. will achieve D. had achieved

解析 B。尽管句中未出现时间状语，但可以判断出医学已经控制住了一些危险的疾病。

例16 Millions of pounds worth of damage ______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.

A. has been caused B. had been caused

C. will be caused D. will have been caused

解析 A。storm后的定语从句有明确的时间状语last night，故主语时态应确定为完成时，但D项为将来完成时，显然与语境不符。B项为过去完成时，但本句强调昨晚发生的风暴对现在的影响。

（2）考查表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作。即过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since等短语连用。

例17 —The window is dirty.

— I know. It ________ for weeks.

A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean

C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned

解析 D。句意为：——窗户很脏了。——我知道。好几周没有擦了。关键词for weeks，表示到目前为止的结果，好几周不擦了；窗户与擦的关系是被动关系，故被动语态。

注意，由终止性动词leave， arrive， come， go， return， begin， start， put， stop， start， put， stop， die， fall， buy， borrow， see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如：I havent met him for two years.

例18 My friend， who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life， is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving

C. had served D. has served

解析 D。时间状语all his life说明我的朋友从过去到现在一直在奥委会工作。

2. 现成完成进行时

主要考查表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下：

（1）现在完成时强调的是完成的动作，而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作刚停止或仍在继续。

I have written an article. （已完成）

I have been writing an article. （还在写）

（2）有些延续性动词，如live， teach， work， study， learn， stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。

I have lived here for ten years.=I have been living here for ten years.

另外要注意的是：表示短暂动作的动词（finish， marry， get up， come， go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。