《间谍之桥》:站立的人
2016-12-05张伟
张伟
有人说电影之所以具有独特的艺术魅力,在于其可使观众“在有限的时间,体味不同的人生”。在诸多类型片中,科幻或幻想片往往出“奇”制胜,通过带领观众畅游幻境,使其暂时摆脱现实俗扰;剧情和伦理片旨在“深”入人心,纵深挖掘并加工现实的悲喜离合,激发观众的理性共鸣和感情宣泄;而还有一类影片——历史传记片则选择弃伪从“真”,在平行于历史的空间中,建构观众对当前世界的感知与反思。
谈到深谙“从真”之道,就不得不提大名鼎鼎的史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格(Steven Spielberg)。从民族挣扎和个人博弈壮烈交融的《辛德勒的名单》(Schindlers List),到人性光芒与民主光辉交相呼应的《林肯》(Lincoln),斯皮尔伯格始终善于依托历史维度,将浸没于历史尘埃中的人物竖立成一个个“站立的人”(standing man)。而演绎法理精神与民族情感冲突的《间谍之桥》(Bridge of Spies)成功沿袭了这一“传统”,塑造了一个手持理性之剑、捍卫人性与法律尊严的美国律师——James B. Donovan。
卷入冷战情报风暴中心
情报活动自战争诞生之日起便成为其不可分割的组成部分。20世纪60年代,美国与苏联正在进行一场没有硝烟的战争,双方在隐形战场上的对弈一刻也没有停止。在纽约布鲁克林的一所旧公寓里,一位长相平庸、略显倦态的中年男子Rudolf Abel正安然创作着一幅自画像,不过隐匿在这副泰然并伴有些许凝重面相背后的,却是其另一个不为人知的身份——苏联间谍。当其身份暴露、遭到逮捕的那一刻,这位训练有素的情报员依旧表现得泰然自若。为维护审判的合理性和完整性、“彰显”美国法治精神对人权的尊重,美国政府决定选派保险律师Donovan担任Abel的辩护律师,Donovan也就此被迫卷入了冷战情报风暴的中心。
角色、职业、情感三层认同
然而这场原本毫无悬念的审判却因Donovan的加入出现了曲折。视法治精神为指引、法律程序为准绳的Donovan似有些偏执地承担着来自法庭、民众甚至是家人的不解,甘愿背负“叛国”之骂名,认真扮演起Abel辩护律师的角色。初次与Abel面谈不仅让他开始真正进入角色,更使其在多个层面与这个相对而坐且其貌不扬的敌国间谍产生了认同。
Donovan: Were you beaten?
Abel: No. I was talked to. Offers were made.
Donovan: What do you mean?
Abel: Offers of employment, to work for your government. I was told if I cooperated, no further charges would be made against me. And I would be given money.
Donovan: Hmm. And you declined?
Abel: As you see.
Donovan: Well, of course I cant endorse (赞同) that. I feel duty-bound to urge you to cooperate with the U.S. government.
Abel: Well, I said no. Perhaps you could relay to your friends at the CIA that I meant it.
Donovan: NO, no, no. I ... I dont work for the agency. I dont work for the government. I am here to offer my services as your legal counsel. If you accept them as such, I work for you.
Abel: If I accept you? Are you good at what you do?
Donovan: Yeah. Yeah, Im pretty good. … If you are firm in your resolve not to cooperate with the U.S. government … then do not talk to anybody else about your case, inside of government or not. Except to me, to the extent that you trust me. I have a mandate (授权) to serve you. Nobody else does. Quite frankly, everybody else has an interest in sending you to the electric chair.
Abel: All right.
Donovan: You dont seem alarmed.
Abel: Would it help? I … I would like materials to draw with.
Donovan: Thats not possible.
Abel: A pencil, a piece of paper. Cigarettes. Please? Mr. Donovan, you have men like me doing the same for your country. If they were caught, Im sure that you would wish them to be treated well.
自决定担任Abel的辩护律师时起,对Donovan而言,Abel便不再单单是一名对美国国家利益构成威胁的苏联间谍,而是其委托人和法律援助对象。Donovan经年累月形成的职业素养使其很快适应新角色,将自己与Abel定位为“服务者与被服务对象”的关系,两者在这一层面初步达成了“角色认同”。在与Abel进一步交流后,Donovan认识到,坐在其对面接受所谓法律与道德“审判”的,只不过是一位遵循另一套职业操守的理性坚韧的从业者,两者在坚守各自行事规范上达成第二层“职业认同”。最后,Abel向Donovan提出了一个人道主义请求,希望能够得到一些绘画材料,打发牢狱中的苦寂时光。面对Donovan起初的断然回绝,Abel请求Donovan将心比心,通过换位思考唤起其“情感认同”。
理性维护法律、人权尊严
Donovan在寻找辩护理据的过程中严格依照相关法律规则行事,敢于“顶千夫之所指”提出质疑、争取时间。尽管针对Abel的有罪判决早在预料之中,但Donovan还是通过分析利弊成功说服法官改死刑为监禁,这为之后的间谍交换保留了重要筹码,也为影片后续剧情的发展留下余地。在整个辩护过程中,Donovan不仅受到各方指责,其家人的生命安全也曾遭到威胁,但他仍敢于恪守本职,表达他对人权和法律关系超乎常人的理性认知。这在其与CIA探员Hoffman的一段精彩交谈中展现得尤为淋漓尽致。
Hoffman: But we need to know what Abel is telling you. You understand me, Donovan? We need to know. Dont go “Boy Scout” on me. We dont have a rule book here.
Donovan: Youre Agent Hoffman, yeah? German extraction (出身).
Hoffman: Yeah, so?
Donovan: My names Donovan. Irish. Both sides, mother and father. Im Irish. Youre German. But what makes us both Americans? Just one thing. One, one, one. The rule book. We call it the Constitution and we agree to the rules, and thats what makes us Americans. Its all that makes us Americans. So dont tell me theres no rule book …
Donovan与Hoffman的这段对话既表现了Donovan对美国情报机构为达目的“不择手段”的讽刺,也尽显他满怀制度自信对宪法精神的拥护。众所周知,弘扬民主和人权自由的美国宪法精神早已深植于美国人民的心中,成为无可撼动的道德高地。这里Donovan作为民主的代言人,鲜明表达了“人权高于主权”“国家利益让步于法治规则”的美式价值观,很容易使其主要受众产生共鸣,从而消弭针对电影主题是否“政治正确”的质疑之声。但从客观立场而言,不可否认的是,人权是文明进步法律所要实现的价值目标之一,同时也作为一种评判法律善恶的价值标准而存在。所以如何调和人权与法律的关系不仅是法理研究的永久命题,更是引发每个社会在各个阶段不断反思的重要问题。
架起人道主义回归之桥
美国飞行员Francis Gary Powers受命驾驶U-2侦察机潜入苏联领空窃取图像情报,然而飞机不幸被苏军的导弹击中,Powers跳伞被俘。此时,Powers被俘与Abel受审这两个看似毫不平行的事件却在美苏情报博弈的关键时刻因为一个平民律师的出现交织在了一起。由于情报侦察行动属于不可告人的“秘密行动”,因此美国政府决定选择Donovan作为“中间人”,代表政府与苏联斡旋被俘人员交换事宜。
几乎与此同时,在冷战冲突最前线的德国柏林,象征着德国分裂和冷战“铁幕”的柏林墙正在加紧垒砌之中。与大西洋彼岸阳光普照的纽约形成鲜明对比的是,镜头下的柏林沉郁阴峻、混杂喧嚣。电影情节的支线便在这紧张压抑的气氛中展开。美国大学生Frederic Pryor在试图穿越柏林墙时被误认为间谍遭捕,美国政府希望Donovan在交换Powers的前提下顺便尝试换回Pryor。就这样,背负着质疑、牵挂、责任、忧虑和期望的Donovan在没有美国官方正面协助的情况下,毅然前往寒冬中一片肃杀的柏林,试图通过努力架起一座沟通东西方阵营、守望人道主义精神回归的希望之桥。
三方利益的胶着博弈
交换Pryor这一支线的加入使整个俘虏交换事件的利益攸关方增至三个:由Donovan代表(CIA暗中协助)的美方希望用缄口不言的Abel换回具有潜在泄密风险的Powers,以保护自己的国家利益;由苏联使馆二秘Ivan Schischkin代表的苏联希望美方先行释放Abel,再还回Powers,以最后争取获取美方侦察情报的机会;而掌握着美国大学生Pryor命运的东德政府则“趁火打劫”,希望借交换Pryor这一筹码提升自己的话语权——或换得美国政府对其主权国家地位的承认,或换得苏联对自己的重视和支持。俘虏交换自此演变成“三个主体,两场谈判”的复杂外交事件,电影的戏剧冲突亦骤然升级。
此时,谈判形势对初到柏林、以个人名义出面斡旋的Donovan而言可谓困难重重,他不仅要独自承担凛冽寒风中柏林的种种乱象,更要小心翼翼摸清各方隐匿的利益诉求。但凭借超人的冷静与胆识、对规则的坚定信守、对利益周旋的独到经验,Donovan转被动为主动,在与苏联使馆二秘Schischkin谈判时,成功向苏联方面施压。
Schischkin: If we release Powers, it is only to promote a good will between our countries. So, it cannot be an exchange. Perhaps … perhaps you could release Abel as a token of goodwill to our friends in Germany, and then, some months later, we would release Powers. There is an idea.
Donovan: No, that just wont work for us at all. See, we need this to be an exchange. You can call it what you want, but an exchange it must be. We can have Abel here within 48 hours. We need Powers at the same time we give you Abel.
Schischkin: Hmm, this is … Can we call this the “impatient plan?”
Donovan: Well, you can call it whatever you want.
Schischkin: I can relay your impatient plan to Moscow, see what they say; but they will wonder why so impatient.
Donovan: Because I have a cold and I dont live in Berlin and I wanna go home.
Schischkin: They will think, “Well, the Americans must have gotten all the information that Abel had to give. And now theyre impatient to trade him, hoping to get in return this man, Powers, that perhaps has not yet given up all the information that he has to give.” This is not an equitable trade, sir.
Donovan: But what youre saying is, if Powers has given up everything he knows, then Moscow would trade? Why wouldnt they? As for Abel, if he dies in an American prison, the next Russian operative who gets caught might think twice about keeping his mouth shut. And you never know. Abel might want to see the sky again and decide to trade Russian secrets for small American favors.
Schischkin: How can we know this? We little men, we just do our jobs.
Donovan: Like Lieutenant Powers. Hes just a pilot.
Schischkin: He was making photographs from 70,000 feet when he was shot from the sky. People in my country consider this an act of war.
Donovan: We have to get off this merry-go-round (看上去令人厌倦的一连串类似的活动), sir. The next mistake our countries make could be the last one. We need to have the conversation our governments cant.
Schischkin: I will ask Moscow. Who knows what they will say …
面对苏联方面要求美方单方面先行释放Abel的要求,Donovan坚守底线,一方面透露出Abel未向美方妥协、俘虏交换对苏方仍具价值的信息,另一方面威胁苏方称若谈判无法进行,Abel可能因感觉自己被出卖而向美方泄露更多信息,甚至影响之后双方在此类问题上的妥善解决。
接下来,在与东德方面的代表Vogel试探性地交谈之后,Donovan摸清了东德方面的利益诉求。不过他深知,和美国与苏联方面相对势均力敌的情况不同,东德政府一方面没有强大的国家力量作支撑,另一方面其手中握有的谈判筹码(bargaining chip)——Pryor也不足以影响整个俘虏交换的大局。在收到苏联方面为达成交换同意妥协的信号后,Donovan更加坚定了“以一易二”的决心,第二场谈判也就此迎来了转机。在与东德总检察官Harald Ott无果而终的交谈后,Donovan通过其身边的小秘书传达出以下信息。
Donovan: I just need you to give a message to your boss. But it has to be very, very clear. You understand?
Young man: Yes, sir. But perhaps you should wait until he …
Donovan: No, no. The thing is, I have this cold and I wanna get home and get in bed. Can you give him the message?
Young man: Certainly.
Donovan: Well, this is the message. “There is no deal for Abel unless we get Powers and Pryor.” Do you understand?
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan: Its arranged for tomorrow morning. It will not happen unless we get two men. Those two men. Two, two, two.
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan: If there is no deal, your boss must tell the Soviets. He has to tell the Soviets that they are not getting Rudolf Abel.
Young man: Yes, sir.
Donovan向东德方面传达的信息是,美方“以一易二”的态度十分坚定,在美方单方面已经和苏联安排好交换事宜的前提下,如果因为东德方拒绝配合而导致整个交换中止,那东德要向苏联负责。由此一来,东德虽然掌握了最终事态发展的决定权,但其可选择的余地和争取的利益却所剩无几。在交换前夜,Donovan最终等到了东德方面的口头承诺,同意在第二天约定的时间在另一地点释放Pryor。
格林尼克桥上“站立的人”
整部影片的高潮在柏林郊外的格林尼克桥上拉开帷幕。作为约定的换俘地点,此时的格林尼克桥不单单是美苏双方兑现换俘承诺的交易点,更是美国和东德政府心理博弈的主战场。由于摸清了各方底线,Donovan坚持在美苏决定交换人质的时刻故意拖延时间,显示出美方“以一易二”的坚定态度和决心,最终成功压迫东德放弃筹码,以释放Pryor换取整个换俘事件的顺利进行,整部影片也就此圆满收场。
作为整个换俘过程中的关键人物,Donovan不仅凭借自己过人的游说能力和超凡胆识架起东西方阵营的沟通之桥,更在国家利益与人道法治精神搏击之时,敢于坚持原则,敢于遵守规则,成为斯皮尔伯格用冷静克制的镜头语言塑造出的一个“站立的人”。与此同时,在寒风凛冽的冬日清晨“站在”格林尼克桥上的,除主人公Donovan之外,还有置生死于度外、坚决捍卫国家利益、遵守职业规范、珍惜朋友情谊的Abel,以及敢于承担责任、死守国家机密的飞行员Powers。尽管立场不同,命运有起有伏,但他们敢于冒险、信守规则,都是斯皮尔伯格镜头下“站立的人”。
与传统意义上靠动作和场面取胜的间谍片不同,斯皮尔伯格在《间谍之桥》中采用其擅长的宏观历史叙事框架,将人物与对话作为情节发展的主要推力,继《林肯》后又一次将个性历史人物的再塑置于历史大背景下,使主人公身上体现出的人性光芒与故事发展统一起来。就情节本身而言,该片虽然艺术性地挖掘了历史素材,演绎和融合了法治精神、爱国主义、人道关怀等美式主流价值观,但斯皮尔伯格对人物的塑造、节奏的把握、细节的处理还是再一次展现了大师风采。“墙”和“桥”作为电影中的两个核心意象,分别象征着东西方之间的隔阂对立以及沟通和解。而Donovan作为一座架在东西方阵营间的沟通桥梁,最终引领美苏俘虏走过连接东西德的大桥走向了自由。观影之后我们自然也多了一份对现实的期许,希望将来有更多“站立的人”能在这个多样文化碰撞交融的世界里,秉持法治精神、人文关怀和对规则的坚守和尊重,多些沟通、多些包容,架起一座座通往自由的桥梁。