动词不定式作状语重难点解读
2016-12-01安徽省怀远一中王玉峰
安徽省怀远一中 王玉峰
动词不定式作状语重难点解读
安徽省怀远一中王玉峰
在学习非谓语动词时,动词不定式是一个重点,也是一个难点。对于它作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语等的用法大家应该不陌生,本文跟大家一起探究不定式作状语的情况。
✿一、不定式作目的状语✿
(一)不定式作目的状语的位置
不定式作目的状语可以置于句首或句尾,在句尾时,与句子之间不用逗号隔开,在句首时,可以用逗号隔开。例如:
To save class time,our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other halffor our homework.
为了节约课堂时间,我们的老师要求我们学生在课堂上做一半练习,剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。
【例1】_______(catch)the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.(Key:Tocatch)
【例2】_______ _(learn)more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided totake Chinese folk music as an elective course.(Key:Tolearn)
【例3】After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on______
(thank)all the people whohad helped in her career.(Key:tothank)
(二)in order to...与soas to...作目的状语
in order to...作目的状语置于句子前后均可,而soas to...作目的状语通常置于句子后面,可以与对应的inorderthat...和sothat...引导的目的状语从句进行转换。否定形式是在to前加上not。例如:
Manyfarmers fertilize their crops in order to(soas to)make themgrowmore quickly.
→In order tomake their crops growmore quickly,manyfarmers fertilize them.
→Manyfarmers fertilize their crops in order that(sothat)theycan make themgrowmore quickly.许多农民给庄稼施肥,为的是让庄稼长得更快些。
It's best topick and choose when watchingTVsoas not towaste time.
电视节目最好选择性地看,以免浪费时间。
In order not to offend the famous master,he took lessons in secret from another composer,Joan Schenk.
为了不得罪这位大师,他暗中师从于另一位作曲家约翰·申克。
We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight,even though we are miles apart.
但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。
✿二、不定式作结果状语✿
不定式作结果状语多与only连用,还用于too...to....,...enough to...,so....as to...结构中。
(一)onlyto...
only to do sth.表示的结果与现在分词作结果状语表示的含义不同,前者表示的是出乎意料的结果,而后者表示的是符合逻辑的结果。作结果状语的不定式结构只能置于句子后面,这与作目的状语的不定式不同。注意onlyto也可以表示目的,意思是“仅仅是为了……”。例如:
I walked all the wayfromhome tothe library,onlytofind it closed.我从家里一路走到图书馆,不料已经关门了。
Such laws exist onlytoconserve the privilege ofthis selfish minority.这种法律的存在只会保护这一小部分自私自利者的特权。
【例4】After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading,only_______(tell)that it was beingdecorated. (Key:tobe told)
(二)too...to...
too...to...结构形式是肯定的,意义上却是否定的,通常翻译为“太……不能……”,前面的too是副词,修饰形容词或副词,不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。但是,在下列情况下,表示肯定意义:①“too...to...”结构之前带有but,only,all,never,not时,是强调肯定的表示法,译作“非常……、十分……、实在……、真是太……”等;②“too...to...”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词,如ready,eager,satisfied,kind,willing,easy,anxious等时,和动词不定式结合成一个不可分割的状态、态度、倾向或心情等,其后的不定式不是说明too的具体内容,而是修饰形容词,此时不定式不再表示结果。例如:
We are onlytoohappytolive in China.生活在中国,我们太幸福了。
The shoes are toobadlybroken tobe mended.这些鞋子破烂得不能修补。
Theyare all toosatisfied togoand dothis work.他们很乐意去做这项工作。
(三)...enough to...
此处的enough是副词,修饰前面的形容词或副词。当enough作为副词修饰形容词或副词时,要置于被修饰词之后。
She was clever enough totake the management ofher own house.
她很能干,一定会管家。
Global warming is melting glaciers fast enough to make it the theme of the year's World Environment Day.
全球变暖导致冰川消融,其速度之快足以使它成为今年世界环境日的主题。
【例5】I got close enough_______(hear)them speaking Chinese,and I said“Ni Hao”just as I might doin China.(Key:tohear)
【例6】When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough_______(cool)the house during the hot day;at the same time,they warm again for the night.(Key:tocool)
(四)so...as to...
从结构上可以看出so与as to分开了,so是副词,修饰形容词或副词,意思是“如此……以至于……”,可以与引导结果状语从句的so...that...句型转换。
YesterdaymorningI got up solate as tobe late for school.
→YesterdaymorningI got up solate that I was late for school.
昨天早晨我起床晚了以致上学都迟到了。
He was sotired as tobe unable towalk.
→He was tootired towalk.
→He was sotired that he was unable towalk.
他累得走不动了。
He began blaming himself for being so stupid as not to have thought of the idea before,for Chao Po-taowas a real“God ofWealth”ifanyone was!
他怪自己为什么那样糊涂,早没想到赵伯韬这位真正的财神爷!
✿三、不定式作原因状语✿
不定式作原因状语主要用于表示心理状态的动词或表语形容词之后,表示某人对某事某物的反应如何,常译作“因……而……”。常见的这类表情绪情感的形容词有eager,anxious,glad,happy,afraid,angry,sorry,sad,worried,pleased,satisfied,surprised,shocked,terrified,frightened,disappointed等。例如:
He was anxious todothis job.他非常想干这件工作。
I ameager tohave a world travel.我很想有一次环球旅行。
You're quite right.I'm afraid to hear others talk of happiness.That's because I no longer have any hope ofattainingit.
你说得对,我的确怕听见别人提起幸福,因为我已经没有得到幸福的希望了。
✿四、不定式用于独立主格结构或“with+复合宾语”作状语✿
独立主格结构中有一个结构是“名词/代词+动词不定式”,此时,不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,而是前面的名词或代词。不定式在“with+复合宾语”中的用法与独立主格结构基本相同。例如:
Manytrees,flowers,and grass tobe planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
He is leavingfor the conference next week,all expenses tobe paid byhis company.
他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支付。
With nothingtodoin the afternoon,I went tosee a film.
下午无事可做,我就去看了场电影。
Sorry,I can't goout with all these dishes towash.
很抱歉,有这么多盘子要洗,我不能出去。
✿五、不定式作评注性状语✿
评注性状语也叫观念附加语,它不是修饰谓语动词,而是对整个句子进行说明和解释,表明说话人的看法和态度。评注性状语不与它所评注的句子在结构上紧密结合,可以置于句首、句中或句尾,常用逗号与句子隔开。常用作评注性状语的不定式有:tobe frank坦白地说;totell you the truth说实话;to sum up总的来说;to be fair说句公道话,凭良心说;to make matters worse更糟的是;tobe sure无可否认,的确;tobegin with首先等。例如:
Tomake matters worse,his Chinese is not good enough tocommunicate with us properly.
更糟的是,他的汉语不好,还不能够跟我们正常交流。
Our English teacher is popular with us all,tobe sure.
无可否认,我们的英语老师很受大家欢迎。
【巩固练习】用动词不定式完成下列句子。
1.为了求生,查克交了一个不同寻常的朋友——一个被他叫作威尔逊的排球。
________,Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend-a volleyball he calls Wilson.
2.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
The four ofus agreed on a division oflabor,each_______.
3.有那么多的工作要做,我不能跟你一起去游泳了。
With_______,I can't goswimmingwith you.
4.首先,全国五十个州没有一个全国性的学校指导制度可遵循。
________,there is nonationallydirected school systemfor all 50 states.
5.她跑到火车站,结果发现火车已经开走了。
She ran tothe station only_______.
6.照料一千只鸡,我看不会太难的。
I don't think it will be_______.
7.等他有了力气,可以不需要支撑站立起来的时候,他慢慢站起身来。
When he was_______without support,he rose tohis feet.
8.她轻轻地开门,以免惊扰了睡着的孩子。
She opened the door quietly_______.
Suggested Answers:
1.In order to/Tosurvive 2.totranslate a quarter ofthe book 3.somuch work to do 4.To begin with 5. to find that the train had left 6.too difficult to look after 1000 chickens 7.strong enough to stand 8.so as not to/in order not todisturb the sleepingchild