斑马片病研究进展

2016-11-24刘玮琦张迎迎尹荣玲杨永生刘文敏赵文军

植物保护 2016年5期

刘玮琦, 张迎迎, 尹荣玲, 杨永生, 刘文敏, 赵文军

(1. 满洲里出入境检验检疫局, 满洲里 021400; 2. 内蒙古大学, 呼和浩特 010021; 3. 呼伦贝尔出入境检验检疫局, 呼伦贝尔 021000; 4. 乌兰察布出入境检验检疫局, 乌兰察布 012000;5. 内蒙古出入境检验检疫局, 呼和浩特 010020; 6. 中国检验检疫科学研究院, 北京 100176)

专论与综述Reviews

斑马片病研究进展

刘玮琦1, 张迎迎2, 尹荣玲3, 杨永生4, 刘文敏5, 赵文军6*

斑马片病是一种可对马铃薯等茄科作物造成严重危害的病害,其病原为CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum,主要通过马铃薯木虱(Bactericeracockerelli)等介体进行传播。该病害主要分布于美国、墨西哥、中美洲各国和新西兰等国家,虽然目前中国没有发生的报道,但具备该病害传入和发生的条件。本文对斑马片病的发生发展过程,病原基因组学、分子检测技术、防控措施及对我国的风险等进行讨论,对于全面了解该病害,防范其传入我国并在我国流行具有重要意义。

斑马片病;CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum; 马铃薯木虱; 分子检测

斑马片病(zebra chip,ZC)可危害马铃薯、番茄、茄子、绿番茄、树番茄等茄科作物,是马铃薯上的一种毁灭性病害,严重影响其产量与品质[1],其病原为CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum,简称Lso。此外,欧洲多国报道该病可危害胡萝卜和芹菜[2]。目前斑马片病已在北美洲(墨西哥、美国),中美洲(危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜),大洋洲[3](新西兰)和欧洲[4](芬兰、法国、挪威、西班牙、瑞典)发生并造成严重经济损失。

斑马片病于1994年在墨西哥东北部城市萨尔提略被首次报道,2000年美国德克萨斯州报道了该病的发生。短短几年内,该病害的发生面积和频率大大增加[5],相继在美国多个地区发生[6-7]。墨西哥的大多数马铃薯产区也发生了斑马片病[8],严重时发生率达100%,造成巨大经济损失。2008年在新西兰发现该病的流行,60%以上的马铃薯田被感染,染病薯块的品质和商业价值严重下降[9-10]。中美洲地区的危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多和尼加拉瓜也已报道该病害的发生[11]。由胡萝卜木虱(Triozaapicalis)传播的斑马片病在欧洲可造成100%的农田损失[12]。

1 危害症状

斑马片病主要危害寄主植物的叶片、枝干和果实等部位,在不同寄主甚至同一寄主不同品种上的危害症状及危害程度均有差异。症状主要有新叶褪绿黄化,叶片变尖变紫,卷曲,严重时叶片卷曲成杯状(图1 a和b);茎秆节间缩短,产生腋生芽,节点肿大,基部产生气生薯;受侵染的马铃薯块茎出现坏疽斑和黑色条纹,薯片经油炸后黑色条纹会更加明显,很像斑马身上的条纹,该病害因此得名斑马片病[13](图1c～f)。番茄染病后果实畸形,呈草莓状,子房发育不均衡,甚至不结果,导致产量降低。斑马片病在叶片上的症状与一些木虱引起的黄叶病和马铃薯紫顶植原体病害症状相似。

与引起柑橘黄龙病的CandidatusLiberibacter相比,Lso对热更敏感,其最适发病温度为27～32℃。当温度低于或等于17℃时,症状发展会显著减缓但不阻止Lso在马铃薯上的发育。当温度高于32℃时,用携带Lso的马铃薯木虱(Bactericeracockerelli)接种马铃薯植株,未观察到斑马片病的发病症状,也没在其上检测到Lso病原[14]。

图1 受Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum 侵染的马铃薯叶片和块茎症状[3]Fig.1 Symptoms of potato leaves and tubes infected by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum[3]

2 病原

虽然1994年就有斑马片病发生的报道,但多年后才明确其病原。2009年Liefting等用电镜在感染斑马片病的马铃薯和番茄植株韧皮部筛管内观察到了大量大小为0.2 μm×4 μm的类细菌。这些类细菌形状多样,并存在一个微弱的可染色中间区域。基因分析显示该病菌与柑橘黄龙病菌具有较高的相似性,由于寄主多为茄科作物,故将其命名为CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum[9]。

2011年,Lin等[15]完成了Lso的全基因组测序(表1),通过比较亚洲柑橘黄龙病菌(Ca. L.asiaticus)、美洲柑橘黄龙病菌(Ca. L.americanus)和Lso三者间的基因组发现,在基因组结构和序列相似性上,与亚洲柑橘黄龙病菌相比,美洲柑橘黄龙病菌与Lso的基因组更为相似。

表1 Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum 基因组基本特征Table 1 General features of the CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum genome

Munyaneza等[16]认为Lso可能存在5种地理单倍型(haplotypes)。通过对16S rRNA 的SNPs、16S/23S ISR、50S rplJ和rplL 核糖体蛋白基因进行分析表明:单倍型A和B可引起马铃薯和其他茄科作物的斑马片病[17],由马铃薯木虱(B.cockerelli)传播。其他3种单倍型(C、D和E)可引起胡萝卜斑马片病[18-19],由胡萝卜木虱(T.apicalis)和Bactericeratrigonica传播。A型主要发生在洪都拉斯和危地马拉、遍及墨西哥西部到美国西部的亚利桑那州、加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿以及新西兰[20]。B型主要在墨西哥东部,向北遍布德克萨斯州和美国中部。上述两种单倍型在德克萨斯州、堪萨斯州和内布拉斯加州地区混合发生。C型在芬兰、瑞典和挪威的胡萝卜上发现[17,19],由胡萝卜木虱传播。D和E型主要发生在西班牙,加纳利群岛和摩洛哥[19-20],由B.trigonica传播。目前还不清楚这5种单倍型在寄主植物或昆虫介体上的生物学差异。

3 病害的传播

2007年Munyaneza等[1]首次提出马铃薯木虱是斑马片病的传播介体,其通过取食染病植物携带Lso并进行传播[16]。Lso在马铃薯木虱体内的潜伏期为2周左右[21-22]。由于番茄植株中Lso浓度明显高于马铃薯中的浓度[22],当木虱取食染病番茄植株时潜伏期会缩短。马铃薯木虱成虫从携带Lso并传播到马铃薯上,到引起马铃薯发病的过程只需要2～6 h[23]。此外,Lso也能通过嫁接侵染马铃薯,但传播速度比通过木虱传播慢得多。马铃薯植株被携带Lso的马铃薯木虱取食后,在块茎上表现症状一般需要3周左右[24]。斑马片病可造成马铃薯块茎中含糖量显著减少,而且症状会在储存过程中继续发展。发病种薯一般不能发芽,或产生毛发状芽(hair sprouts),植株长势较弱。

胡萝卜木虱也是斑马片病的传播介体[25]。可引起胡萝卜和芹菜的斑马片病。最近研究表明Lso可随胡萝卜种子传播[26]。

4 分子检测方法

目前报道用于Lso的分子检测方法主要包括常规PCR、巢式PCR、多重PCR和实时荧光PCR等,效果较好且应用较多的PCR方法主要有8种(表2)。

5 防控措施

目前所有防控马铃薯斑马片病的措施都是针对马铃薯木虱进行的,加强该虫的早期监测和防控对于减少田间木虱的繁殖和斑马片病的发生都具有重要作用[32-33]。可采用黄色粘板、水盘、捕虫网等多种方法对田块及其周围的木虱进行监测。化学防治是当前防控马铃薯木虱的主要方法。尽管有很多种类的杀虫剂对该昆虫有效,但其还是很难控制[34],而且传统的杀虫剂只能减少木虱的种群数量,限制斑马片病的发展,却不能有效控制斑马片病发生。

6 斑马片病的传入风险及在我国的适生性分析

Munyaneza[16]认为马铃薯斑马片病的传播必须依靠马铃薯木虱,因为植株染病后存活期都很短暂,随块茎传播的可能性很小。然而Pitman等[35]的试验表明,在没有马铃薯木虱存在的情况下,Lso也可以通过种薯薯块转移到新生的植株叶片,并能够传播给新生马铃薯块茎。该病原物除通过昆虫介体传播外,还可通过嫁接、染病植株、带菌种子和马铃薯种薯等进行传播和扩散。王茹琳等[36]根据该病害目前的分布和适宜环境条件,分析了Lso在中国的适生性分布,认为该病在我国的高风险区为重庆、陕西大部、贵州北部、四川东部、河南大部以及山东半岛等地区;中风险区分布较广,以高风险区为中心向外扩散。

马铃薯种薯和胡萝卜种子的国际贸易都是Lso远距离传播的可能途径,国外检疫部门高度重视,EPPO(欧洲和地中海植物保护组织)已将该病原菌列为A1类植物检疫性有害生物[4]。综合考虑斑马片病侵入我国的风险:(1)适生范围广,危害性大;(2)我国幅员辽阔,完全具备该病害发生发展的气候及寄主条件;(3)其主要寄主马铃薯已上升为我国第四大主粮作物,种植面积和产量均居世界第一位[37],经济影响大。因此,斑马片病一旦传入将对我国马铃薯、番茄、胡萝卜等产业造成严重威胁。另外,由于马铃薯木虱和胡萝卜木虱自身对寄主的危害不大,检疫重要性未受到足够重视,在检疫过程中容易忽视其作为传播介体的风险,因此,口岸检疫中应加强来自疫区的植物产品中传病昆虫介体的重视。

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(责任编辑：田喆)

Research progress on zebra chip disease

Liu Weiqi1, Zhang Yingying2, Yin Rongling3, Yang Yongsheng4, Liu Wenmin5, Zhao Wenjun6

(1. Manchuria Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Manchuria 021400, China; 2. Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; 3. Hulunbuir Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Hulunbuir 021008, China; 4. Ulanqab Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau,Ulanqab 012000, China; 5. Inner Mongolia Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau,Hohhot 010020, China; 6. Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China)

Zebra chip, caused byCandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum, is a kind of serious disease on potatoes and other solanaceous crops by reducing both yield and quality. It is mainly transmitted by potato psyllids (Bactericeracockerelli) and other vectors. The disease is mainly distributed in the United States, Mexico, Central American countries and New Zealand and other countries. Now this disease has not been reported in China, but the environmental conditions of China is suitable for its invasion and occurrence. In this paper, we described the occurrence, pathogen genomics, molecular detection, prevention and control measures. This will be useful for comprehensive understanding the disease, and preventing its spread to our country.

zebra chip;CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum;Bactericeracockerelli; molecular detection

2015-11-19

2015-12-28

质检总局科技计划项目(2014IK290)；“十二五”国家科技支撑计划(2012BAK11B02)

S 435.32

10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2016.05.005

* 通信作者 E-mail: wenjunzhao@188.com