多方参与 助力重庆友城合作

□ 文/王英豪（四川外国语大学国际关系学院）

多方参与 助力重庆友城合作

□ 文/王英豪（四川外国语大学国际关系学院）

作为我国中西部地区唯一的直辖市，重庆具有优越的地理区位和便利的交通条件。重庆是国家重点建设的长江上游地区经济中心，处于“丝绸之路经济带”和“长江经济带”的交汇处，同时又是西部大开发战略的重要支撑点，对西部地区的经济发展与对外开放具有不容忽视的辐射和带动作用。因此，重庆对外友城工作的开展不仅可以更好地服务于国家外交总体战略，而且对于中西部地区的发展也具有积极意义。

一、重庆市友城工作的特点

1. 以经济建设为依托，开展友城交流合作

当前重庆市的对外交流工作侧重于经济合作的引导，通过友城间合作项目的开展来进一步促进技术和人才的交流，使得友城合作有所依托、能够落到实处。通过与发达国家的城市或其他具有自身特色的城市建立友好合作关系，借鉴其先进成熟的发展经验，完善城市的基础设施和服务职能建设，在引进优秀的投资的同时，鼓励本地企业“走出去”，密切友城间的联系。

2. 发扬人道主义精神，援助友城抗灾救灾

随着我国经济快速发展和综合国力的增长，国际地位提高，在参与国际事务中的影响力更加显著，许多国家对中国的期望也不断上升。与之相对应，中国城市（包括重庆）在友城交往中也能够为合作方提供更多的帮扶与救济，在坚持“平等互利”原则的基础上，积极为友城抗灾救灾和城市建设提供力所能及的帮助。2011年10月29日，在了解到友好城市泰国首都曼谷发生的洪涝灾害后，重庆市市长黄奇帆致信曼谷市长素坤潘亲王，向灾区人民表示诚挚慰问。同时，重庆市向曼谷市捐赠500万人民币，以援助曼谷人民开展抗洪救灾的相关工作。

3. 动员社会力量参与，发挥友城活动作用

在政府专门机构对友城的交流合作活动的组织和安排下，重庆市友城工作在行政系统内部得到了有力的支持，活动的数量和质量得到了较好的保障。对于特定领域的交流项目，重庆市政府还积极寻求高校和社会团体的支持与配合，动员社会力量参与活动的开展与评估，使得友城间的交流合作活动能够实现其最大价值。

4. 举办重要国际活动，增强城市对外影响

重庆市举办过多次重要的国际会议，提升了城市的影响力和知名度。2013年7月，重庆举办了中国—中东欧国家地方领导人会议，促成签署双边合作协议25个；2014年2月，在重庆召开了“中俄两河流域合作工作组第一次会议”，为加快中俄非毗邻地区合作发挥了重要作用；2015年6月，重庆又承办了亚欧互联互通产业对话会。

2014年11月，重庆市荣获第四届“中法地方政府合作奖”。时任重庆市政府外事侨务办副主任龙舟发表演讲。

二、引入多方参与的效用

随着国内社区制度逐渐完善，公民进行社会参与的机会增加，开展社会活动的能力提升，形式更加多样，并且在这种社会参与的过程中，公民的公共精神得到培育，公民性提高。

1. 有助于强化公民意识

当代西方政治学家罗伯特D•帕特南指出：公民共同体的公民身份首先是由积极参与公共事务来标示的—市民对于城市公共事务的自觉也应当通过这种方式培养。在友城工作中引入多方参与，有助于扩大友城活动在市民社会中的影响力，引导市民亲身参与力所能及的城市建设与维护活动，进一步提高公民对“城市共同体”这一价值的认同，促使其主动维护城市利益、建设城市形象。

2. 有助于拓展城市宣传的方式方法

社会团体作为由特定领域内的积极公民组成的共同体，其内部成员间本身具有基于相同或相似价值观念所产生的信任基础，更容易采取统一行动，共享某种新的价值观念。在参与友城交流时，社会团体更加注重技术、理念、知识等层面的文化交流，增进友城之间的理解和认同，更具有延续性和稳定性。

积极开展社会组织的交往，也利于推动重庆对外开放，促进友城市民全面了解重庆，建立更加完善的城市形象，提高城市影响力—一方面有助于国际友人从重庆的立体印象中，提取其基于自身文化背景的兴趣点，从而自发自愿地去了解重庆；另一方面在这种交互性的传播中，我们可以通过友城市民的反馈优化、改良自身的宣传体系与内容，使其更能为友城市民接受、认可。

3. 有助于建立健全友城互信机制

在多数发达国家中，社会力量作为公民参与社会生活的主要平台和维护自身权益的主要依靠力量，在民众心中具有相当高的公信力。通过推动社会力量参与友城活动，一方面有助于国内的社会力量在交流活动中，学习发达国家社会力量的比较成熟的经验、技能和比较完善的运行机制，推动国内的社会力量功能提升；另一方面也能够有助于友城活动取得当地民众的支持和认可，使友城的合作交流项目可以在当地社会力量的配合与协助下进行得更好。

4. 有助于提高社会资源的配置效率

在当前的友城工作中，社会力量通常是间接参与，处于相对被动的位置。通过引入多方参与，能够提高社会力量的积极性与资源配置效率，发挥其能动性对友城工作进行完善。相对政府机构而言，社会力量的人员构成更加丰富，分布于各种领域；专业素质更高，掌握特定的专业技能；辐射范围更加广泛，在各领域内的影响范围得以扩展。引入多方参与友城活动，最直接的作用就是可以利用其专业知识与技能服务于友城活动，提高友城活动的质量与效果。其次就是可以带动各行业的人才了解友城，了解友城活动，利用庞大的专业背景来提升友城活动的影响力与号召力，吸引更多人才主动参与友城建设。

5. 有助于拓展友城工作的参与渠道

当前社会参与友城工作的主要方式还是捐献资金、提供资源（比如设备、场地）等比较基本的形式。通过鼓励和引入多方参与友城工作，能够释放一些积存的社会资源，使得友城工作的参与渠道更加广泛，参与方式更为多样化。例如一些专业团体或个人还可以通过承接外包服务、提供专业咨询等方式来参与友好城市的交流合作活动。

三、多方参与友城工作

国际友好城市间缔结的长期合作交往机制为多方参与对外交往活动提供了新的平台。

1. 健全管理体制机制

在教育、医疗卫生、体育项目、文化设施等专门领域中，重庆市政府应组织成立相应的专门机构，进行统一的指导和管理。这些组织可以只负责宏观的管理，而不参与其具体事务的运行。通过分派或外包的形式，将具体的交流与合作事务交给专业的社团或个人进行，政府部门只需要做好方向上的领导与管控，通过对活动参与者财务的管控和对组织管理人员的监督等间接的方式推动社会力量的良好运行，既减轻政府的行政压力，又能够推动项目运行效率的提高。

2. 搭建资源共享平台

通过多方参与推动友城之间公共资源的交流与合作，搭建能够通过技术手段实现的资源共享平台，如医疗机构、图书馆、博物馆等城市公共资源。友好城市在开展经济合作项目后，尽量为随行的工作人员提供起码不低于所在城市的公共福利待遇，保障其基本的生活与发展需求，使友城间的交流合作能够真正对两地甚至多地的市民带来益处。在这个过程中，可以鼓励社会力量参与对资源的筛选、整合以及后续的技术对接，保障资源共享不会破坏地方生态。完善城市的基础设施建设，通过借鉴友城的成熟经验，建设具有重庆特色的现代化城市体系。

3. 加强文化交流

友好城市建立的目的是增进友谊、促进共同发展，经济合作只是友城合作比较有效的形式之一，文化的交流同样不可或缺。鼓励多方参与友城间的交流，优化当前由政府和企业为主导的格局，加大社会力量参与的比重。相对企业间的经济合作而言，社会力量的交往对于物质条件的要求更加简单，侧重于知识、经验的交流，更为注重“人”的作用。可以引导友城的社会力量对重庆一些尚不够开放的区域进行了解。通过承接国际交流活动、学术会议加快基础设施建设，推动次级行政区域的对外开放，展示友城的独特风貌，丰富市民的文化生活。

4. 建立地方优势产业

重庆作为一座山城，城市的空间结构更为立体，可开发的空间更加广阔，形式更为多样，是交通、建筑等领域进行创新试验的理想场地，可以动员社会力量多方参与建立相关的创新孵化基地，形成具有地方特色的技术优势。更可以以此为基础开展宣传活动，组织潜在的社会团体与学术组织参与相关的艺术创作赛事或技术创新展会，既向世界展示重庆，提升城市的知名度；又能够吸引相关领域的人才来到重庆，丰富城市的文化生活。

在对外友好城市工作中引入的多方参与，并不是粗放式的参与，而是在政府相关政策指导下，配合政府的大政方针进行的细化项目组合。多方参与活动应当尽量建立在合乎规定的体系范围内，对于现有资源及利用资源开展的活动进行查漏补缺，为政府主导的对外活动提供辅助作用。在政府主导的活动无法兼顾或不能全面实现的领域内，发挥自身优势，进行功能上的支持。

School of International Relations,Sichuan International Studies University Master graduate student,YingHao Wang

As the only municipality in the central and western regions of China, Chongqing has excellent geographical location and convenient traffi c conditions. It is located at the junction of the Silk Road Economic Zone and the Yangtze River Economic Zone. It is also the central hub of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. That provide a good economic base in foreign cooperation.It is also an important supporting point of the western development strategy, and it can not ignore the radiation and leading role Chongqing play for the economic development and opening to the outside world in the central and western regions. Therefore, the work of Chongqing Foreign Sister City is not only to serve the overall strategy of national diplomacy, but also has positive signifi cance for the development of the central and western regions.

Characteristics of the work about foreign sister city in Chongqing

1. To rely on economic construction, to carry out exchanges and cooperation between the Friends of the city

At present, Chongqing's urban diplomacy focuses on the guidance of economic cooperation and promotes the exchange of technology and talents through the cooperation projects between the two cities, which makes the cooperation between the two cities be carried out. Through the establishment of friendly and cooperative relations with cities in developed countries or other cities with their own characteristics, drawing on their advanced and mature development experience, perfecting the city's infrastructure and service functions, while encouraging the introduction of good investment,to help local enterprises "go out". Close contact between friends.

2. Carry forward the humanitarian spirit, aid friend city disaster relief

With the progress of China's economic development and the growth of comprehensive national strength, the international status has increased, the influence on participating in international affairs has become more prominent, and the expectation of many countries to China has also been on the rise. Correspondingly, Chinese city(include Chongqing) can also provide more assistance and relief to the partners in the friendly exchanges.On the basis of principle of "equality and mutual benefit", the Chinese cities (including Chongqing) actively contribute to the disaster relief and post - disaster reconstruction to provide help within its capacity.October 29, 2011, in that Thailand's capital city of Bangkok after the fl oods, Chongqing Mayor Huang Qifan sent a letter to Bangkok Mayor Sukun Pan Prince, to the people of disaster areas to express his sincere condolences. At the same time, Chongqing City donated 5 million yuan to the city of Bangkok to assist the people of Bangkok to carry out fl ood relief work.

3. Mobilize the participation of social forces, to carry out the excellent activities about sister friends

Under the organization and arrangement of the sister city’s exchanges and cooperation activities by the special government agencies, the work of sister city in Chongqing within the administrative system has been strongly supported, the number and quality of activities has been guaranteed. For specific areas of communication projects, the Chongqing Municipal Government also actively seek the support and cooperation of colleges and universities and social groups, mobilize social forces to participate in the implementation and evaluation of activities so, the exchanges and cooperation between the sister city can achieve maximum of value.

4. Hold important international activities, and enhance the city'sexternal infl uence

Chongqing has held a number of important international conferences, to enhance the city's infl uence and visibility. In July 2013, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jointly held the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Local Leaders' Meeting, which led to the signing of 25 bilateral cooperation agreements. In February 2014, the fi rst meeting of the Working Group on Sino-Russian Mesopotamia cooperation,played an important role in speeding up the cooperation between China and Russia noncontiguous areas.In June 2015, Chongqing hosted the Asia-Europe interconnection industry dialogue.

Effectiveness of the introduction of multi-party participation

With the gradual improvement of the domestic community system, citizens have got more opportunities to participate in social activities and have elevated the capacity to carry out these activities in a diverse way. And in this process of social participation, the public spirit of the citizens get nurtured,the citizenship get improved.

1.Strengthening civic awareness

Contemporary Western political scientist Robert D. Putnam points out that citizenship is fi rst marked by active participation in public affairs, and that public awareness of urban public affairs should be fostered in this way. The introduction of multiparticipation in the work of the Sister City will help expand influence of the activities in civil society.Guiding the public to participate in activities of city construction and protection can further broaden the infl uence in social communities and boost citizens’ recognition of the concept of “city community”, at the same time, which can also promote citizens to safeguard actively the interests of the city and to build its image.

2.Expanding the ways and means of the city propaganda

As a community of positive citizens in a given field, social groups themselves have a basis of trust based on the same or similar values, making it easier to act together and share a new set of values. When participating in the friendly exchange, the social groups pay more attention to the cultural exchange of technology, idea, knowledge and so on.So as to enhance the understanding and recognition between the two cities and make them more sustainable and stable.

Actively carrying out the exchanges of social organizations is also conducive to promoting the opening up of Chongqing and to promoting a comprehensive understanding of Chongqing. The establishment of a more perfect image of the city is helpful to improve the city's infl uence - on the one hand to help international friends from the three-dimensional impression of Chongqing. Based on their own cultural background and interest, they can spontaneously learn Chongqing.On the other hand, in this interactive communication, we can feedback through the public of foreign city to optimize and improve our own propaganda system and content.To make it more acceptable for the friendly city people.

3.Establishing a sound mechanism for mutual trust between the sister city

In most developed countries, social forces, as the main platform for citizens to participate in social life and the main force to safeguard their rights and interests, have a very high credibility in the hearts of the people. The promotion of social forces to participate in the activities of the sister city, on the one hand,is to help domestic social forces to learn more mature experience, skills and relatively perfect operating mechanism from the developed countries social forces to promote themselves.On the other hand it can also help friendly city activities to obtain the support and approval of the local people, so that the friendship and cooperation projects can be better with the assistance of the local social forces.

4.Improving the allocation effi ciency of social resources

In the current work of the sister city, social forces are usually indirect, in a relatively passive position. Through the introduction of multi-party participation,we can enhance the enthusiasm of the social forces and resource allocation efficiency, play its initiative to improve the work of the sister city. Relative to government agencies, the social forces constitute a richer, distributed in various fi elds; higher professional quality, master the specific expertise; radiation range is more extensive, in all areas of influence to expand.The most direct role is to use their professional knowledge and skills to serve the sister city activities to improve the quality and effect of these activities. The second is to promote the talent of the industry to understand the sister city, to understand the sister city activities.The use of large professional background to enhance the infl uence of the sister city activities and appeal to attract more talent to take the initiative to participate in the sister city building.

5.Expanding the participation of the Friends of the city work channels

At present, the main way for social forces to participate in the work about sister city is to donate funds,provide resources (such as equipment, venues) and other more basic forms.By encouraging and introducing multi-party participation in the work of the sister city, releasing some of the accumulated social resources, making the work about sister city more extensive channels of participation, more diversifi ed way of participation. For example, some professional groups or individuals can also participate in the exchange and cooperation activities of sister cities through undertaking outsourcing services and providing professional consultation.

Multi-party participation in the work about sister city

The international long-term cooperation mechanism between the sister cities provides a new platform for the multi-parties to participate in the activities of foreign exchanges.

1.Improving the management system and mechanism

In education, health care, sports, cultural facilities and other specialized areas, the Government should organize the establishment of appropriate specialized agencies, conduct unified guidance and management. These organizations can only be responsible for macro-management, rather than participate in the operation of its specific affairs. Through the form of distribution or outsourcing, the specifi c communication and cooperation programs are assigned to the professional community or individuals.The government departments only need to do a good job in the direction of leadership and control, through the activities of participants in financial control or management of the organization supervision and other indirect ways to promote the good functioning of social forces, both to reduce the administrative pressure of the government, but also to promote the project to run more effi cient.

2.Building a platform to sharing resource

Promoting public resources exchanges and cooperation between the sister city through the multi-participation, and building a platform for sharing resources through technical means.Such as medical institutions, libraries, museums and other urban public resources. After carrying out economic cooperation projects between the two cities, we should provide the staff members with at least not less than the original city's public welfare benefi ts.To ensure their basic living and development needs, the exchanges and cooperation between the two cities could benefi t more people. In this process,we can encourage social forces to participate in the selection of resources, integration and followup technical docking, to ensure the sharing of resources will not damage the local culture. Improving the city's infrastructure construction, by drawing on the experience of the sister city to build a modern city system with Chongqing characteristics.

3.Strengthening cultural exchanges

Sister City is established to enhance friendship and promote common development, economic cooperation is only one of the more effective forms of friendship, cultural exchanges are also indispensable. Encouraging the parties to participate in the exchanges between sister city to optimize the current government and business-led pattern, increase the proportion of social forces to participate in. Compared with the economic cooperation between enterprises, the material conditions of the requirements for the communication of social forces is more simple, focusing on the exchange of knowledge and experience, paying more attention to the role of "people". Social forces can be encouraged to carry out foreign exchange activities in the subadministrative areas (especially those areas where friendshipcity relations are not yet established), and guide the social forces of the sister cities to understand some of the less open areas in Chongqing. Through the international exchange activities or the academic conference can speed up infrastructure construction, promote the opening of the secondary administrative region and show the unique style of the foreign sister city to rich people's cultural life.

4.Establishing local advantage industry

As a mountain city, the spatial structure of the city is more threedimensional. The space for development is more extensive and diverse. It is an ideal site for innovation experiment in transportation and construction. It can mobilize social forces to establish relevant incubation bases.With the formation of local technical advantages. It also can be used as a basis for promotional activities, to organize social groups and academic organizations of potential involved in the relevant art exhibitions or technological innovation exhibition. To show the world Chongqing, to enhance the city's visibility, to attract relevant personnel to Chongqing. Enrich cultural life of the city, improve the academic atmosphere.

In the work of foreign friendly cities, the introduction of multiparty participation is not extensive participation, but under the guidance of relevant government policies, with the government's major policy guidelines for refinement of the project portfolio. Multi-participatory activities should be built within the framework of a defi ned system. They should be supplemented by leakage of resources for existing activities and utilization of resources, providing assistance to government-led external activities. When the activities led by government cannot take all areas into account, multi-party participation can play its own advantages in a functional way.

Multi participation, strengthen cooperation between the Chongqing and Its Sister Cities