把握整体结构理清逻辑关系
2016-11-17王泉
文/王泉
把握整体结构理清逻辑关系
文/王泉
完形填空题的备选答案具有唯一性,所以,文篇的整体结构清晰,逻辑关系明显。把握好“轻语法,重逻辑”的命题原则,我们才能更好地把握语篇的整体结构和主旨要义,顺利理解上下文之间的逻辑关系,更简单、更准确地寻找具体信息点。
完形填空从设空的答案由一个句子、由相邻不远的一组句子还是由全篇的内容综合决定来看,可分为句子层次、句组层次和全篇层次三个等级,设空的难度依次增加。从近年的中考题来看,全篇层次设空的比例相对有所增加,说明“突出语篇”的命题思路进一步深化。那么,我们该如何识别和把握文章的整体结构和逻辑关系呢?
一、分析各文段的关键句和段与段之间的过渡词句,理清文章整体结构
【中考真题1】(2015年镇江卷,保留原题号)At the present time,more and more people love travelling.It’s a very good16of getting to know new people and cultures and acquiring(获得)experiences.It helps travelers17a lot.Travel can make our minds become18.
But travel does more than all that.It can also make us more creative.In recent years,some professors have been doing research on what many people have already learned from travel experiences.They believe that spending time abroad has the 19to affect(影响)people’s mind.For example,they found that the students wholived abroad for a longer period were better at20problems creatively than those who did not.If you stay in the same place,you can’t experience new sights,new smells,new sounds and new cultures.All these can21your mind and make it more active.
22,that doesn’t mean the more places you’ve been,the more creative you’ll become.Another group of professors have been doing23research.They found the people who often travelled from one place to another didn’t have enough24 to immerse(使……沉浸)themselves in a new place and a new culture.They weren’t as creative as the people who spent the time25getting to know a place.You have to interact(相互影响)with the places you go to and then you can benefit(得益)from it.
If you go travelling,which do you prefer,staying in a place for a certain period or rushing all the way.
16.A.way B.areaC.signD.state
17.A.presentB.produceC.getD.check
18.A.thickerB.smootherC.widerD.healthier
19.A.abilityB.possibilityC.personalityD.difficulty
20.A.solvingB.causingC.controllingD.spreading
21.A.set upB.wake upC.turn upD.clean up
22.A.InsteadB.OtherwiseC.MoreoverD.However
23.A.secretB.rapidC.commonD.similar
24.A.interestB.moneyC.timeD.quality
25.A.nearlyB.probablyC.hardlyD.really
解析:全文结构为标准的总分结构。第一段综述旅游的益处。第二段就旅游给人带来的益处make us more creative做进一步解释。该段通过阐述一部分教授所做的研究结果,论述了旅游尤其是在国外待一段时间给人们的思维带来的影响。第三段则用另一组教授所做的研究结果证明了“并非去的地方越多,就越有创造力”这一结论。第四段为收尾段。
文章所设空格中,第22、23和25题均考查对文章结构的分析、理解。第22题为第三段的首句,也是整段的关键句。该段的主旨大意为:“并非你去的地方越多,你就会变得越有创造力”。这一大意与第二段的大意之间有着明显的转折关系,所以选择However。
第23题则需将这一空所在句子Another group of professors have been doingresearch.与上一段中In recent years,some professors have been doing research on...联系起来思考,得出“另一组教授们也一直在做相似的研究”这一句意。答案为similar。
第25题也需结合上一句“他们发现经常从一个地方旅行到另一个地方的人,没有足够的时间使自己沉浸在一个新的地方和一种新的文化里”,才能推断出“他们不如那些真正花时间了解一个地方的人有创造力”这一句意。所以答案为really。
总体来说,这三个题目的设置需要考生从文章整体结构上把握方向,并注意各个段落之间的逻辑变化与联系,对考生整体语篇的把握状态有较大的区分度。
【中考真题2】(2015年黄冈卷,保留原题号)Happiness depends on what we have!It’s in our heart.It’s a state of mind.Even though you own the whole world,you may still feel55.Happiness comes from mastering the art of appreciating(感激)and taking pleasure in what you really have.
55.A.funnyB.happyC.excitedD.unhappy
解析:此段为结尾段,也是全文主旨升华的段落。作者通过记叙自己在一次事故中失去双臂后,一步步从心理创伤中走出来的故事,告诉读者“生活的快乐与幸福,实质上是由自己的内心决定的”。把握了主旨大意,就不难看出第55空所在句子的意思为:即使你拥有全世界,你可能仍旧不开心。因此选填unhappy。
二、掌握常见的逻辑关系指示词,为理解文意和预测语意树立路标
英语中的逻辑关系指示词是构成语篇的纽带,可以为我们找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项,如同义词、近义词或反义词等,对把握文章整体内容也有着非常重要的指示作用。中考命题中,根据语篇逻辑和主旨大意设空,已经非常普遍,所以同学们应该重点关注语篇中的逻辑关系指示词,识别其常见的设题方式。
中考完形填空题涉及的句子之间的逻辑关系指示词通常有以下一些:
并列关系:and,while等;
转折关系:but,however,though等;
因果关系:so,because,for,since,as,therefore,thus等;
条件关系:if,unless,once,in case of等;
顺序关系:before,after,until,first,second,then,next,finally等;
让步关系:though,although等。
【中考真题3】(2015年河南卷,保留原题号)I asked44she had not been afraid.
44.A.whetherB.whenC.howD.why
解析:根据前文的语意(前文略),在飞机遭遇暴风雨剧烈颠簸时,作者及其他乘客都很惊慌,唯独一个小姑娘镇定自若,所以作者会去询问原因,可以推测此空为why。
【中考真题4】(2015年苏州卷,保留原题号)On every packet of cigarettes(香烟),people are warned against the dangers of smoking:“Warning:Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health”.18,millions of them start smoking or go on smoking.
18.A.MoreoverB.AlsoC.HoweverD.Otherwise
解析:句意为:尽管每一个香烟盒上都有警示“抽烟有害健康”,可仍有数百万人开始或继续吸烟。前后之间为转折关系,所以选择However。
【中考真题5】(2015年包头卷,保留原题号)When Frank watched the little stream of sand,he was impatient,43it would not run faster.
43.A.soB.becauseC.beforeD.until
解析:句意为:弗兰克之所以感觉不耐烦,是因为沙漏里的沙子跑得太慢了。选择because。
【中考真题6】(2015年沈阳卷,保留原题号)Henry was the winner and we spoke tohim.“I’m so happy that I won,”he said,“I advise people to speak slowly.22 they want to be good public speakers,they’d better speak clearly and23.”
22.A.AlthoughB.SinceC.UntilD.If
23.A.confidentlyB.quietlyC.quicklyD.patiently
解析:第22空前一句为“我建议大家讲话慢一点”,可见后一句为亨利给大家的建议。后一句中又有they’d better这一说法,由此可推断出前一句为条件,即:如果他们想成为优秀的公众演说家,他们最好能清楚而自信地说话。所以第22空选择if。第23空为and连接的两个副词,前一个为clearly,可见后一空应该是与clearly有并列意义的词,选择confidently。
【中考真题7】(2015年苏州卷,保留原题号)The simple warning on the cigarette packet does not influence smokers’habits.Even24warnings,like showing pictures of smokers who have died of cancer,don’t seem to work.
24.A.strongerB.worseC.longerD.harder
解析:根据选项均为比较级的设置,第24题所在段可理解为“香烟盒上简单的警示不能影响抽烟者们的习惯。甚至更____的警告,如死于癌症的抽烟者们的图片似乎都无济于事”。由此可推断出,第24题所填比较级应该与simple warning有比较意义,强调警告升级的词汇,所以选择stronger(warning),意即“更有力的警告”。
【中考真题8】(2015年呼和浩特卷,保留原题号)He wrote about his dream in great detail and he18drew a picture of a 200-acre ranch(牧场)with all the buildings.
18.A.justB.evenC.everD.almost
解析:根据前一句“他详细描写了他的梦想”和后一句“他画出了一幅标出了所有建筑物的一个200英亩的牧场”可判断,前后之间为递进关系,所以选择even(甚至)。其余选项just(仅仅;只),ever(曾经),almost(几乎;将近)均无表递进之意。
三、把握句中的,领悟句与句之间暗含的逻辑关系
【中考真题9】(2015年黄冈卷,保留原题号)It is a waste of our life to focus on what you have52.We should always think of what we have.
52.A.lostB.hadC.foundD.spent
解析:句意为:“总把心思花在你已经____的事物上是浪费生命,应该多想想我们拥有的东西。”前后之间暗含比较、转折的逻辑关系,所以第52空应该选择lost(失去了的)。
【中考真题10】(2015年宁夏卷,保留原题号)One day a young painter went by a garden.He was attracted(吸引)by the beauty of the garden.He imagined how happy he could be if he lived in such a beautiful place.Then,suddenly he found the old gardener was36.
36.A.lazyB.stupidC.deafD.blind
解析:文段记叙的是一个年轻画家被一座美丽的花园所吸引,他想象着如果他居住在这样一个漂亮的地方,他会多么高兴。可就在这时,他惊讶地发现花园里的园丁居然双目失明。理解了前后文暗含的对比逻辑关系,第36空的答案blind就容易找到了。
责任编辑:李丁文