了了解解命命题题特特点点掌掌握握解解题题技技巧巧——中考英语完形填空备考策略
2016-11-17唐春吾
文/唐春吾
了了解解命命题题特特点点掌掌握握解解题题技技巧巧——中考英语完形填空备考策略
文/唐春吾
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【命题特点】
完形填空题是命题者在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语,形成空格,要求答题者在给出的备选项中,选出一个正确的或最佳的答案,使文章语义通顺。它既考查答题者对短文的阅读理解能力,又考查其对语法、词汇、习语、句型、搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力。
完形填空题材广泛,它涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、政治、经济、人物、社会、故事等各个方面。长度一般在250个词左右。命题原则是“突出词汇语境化,以实词为主,虚词为辅”。文章选材一般为夹叙夹议的记叙文,具有哲理性和教育意义。总体来说,完形填空在命题上有以下特点:
一、选材特色鲜明,贴近考生实际生活,内容积极、时代感强。文章整体上具有较强的知识性、教育性与趣味性。考点设置的主要方向为考查学生的语篇分析能力和对文章连贯性的理解。
二、首句通常是文章主题句,或用来提示考生全文将要讲述的主要内容,一般不设置空格。
三、试题以语义词考查为主,功能词考查为辅,单纯的语法试题设置呈逐年减少的趋势。如名词、动词、形容词、副词等词在考试中出现的比例很高,介词、连词等功能词在测试中虽然也占有一定的比例,但分值较小。
四、在选项设置时词汇几乎无重复现象,尽量增加词汇考查的覆盖面。每小题所给出的选项一般都为同一词类,且为同一语法形式。部分干扰项的设置也常和空前、空后的文字形成某种搭配,以形成干扰,增加考试难度。
五、从考查内容来看,题项设置上主要有六大方向:文章主旨、逻辑推理、固定搭配、基本句型、词语辨析、基础语法等。
【解题技巧】
正所谓“知己知彼,百战百胜”,只要把握好命题特点,采用适当的解题技巧,完形填空题就不再是难点。下面让我们从2015年的中考真题分析中领悟“百战百胜”的秘密。
一、抓住首句(段)和尾句(段),确定文篇主旨大意,辨明理解的方向
文篇的首句通常是核心句,一般不设选项。做题时,如果能巧妙利用首句,就可以更快速地熟悉文篇语境,推测文章大意。除此之外,联系首句琢磨尾句也是解题时不可忽视的环节。尾句或尾段也常为全文主旨大意段,或是主旨升华段。如:
【中考真题1】(2015年河北卷)首句为:A teacher was giving a talk to his students on stress(压力)management.(一个老师正在就压力处理问题给学生做演讲。)而文篇结尾句为:Life is short but amazing.Enjoy it!(生命短暂而精彩。好好享受吧!)由此可以推断,文篇谈论的主题应该是:面对生活中的压力,我们应该合理处理,好好享受生活。
【中考真题2】(2015年哈尔滨卷,保留原题号)首段为:How can we keep a feeling of balance(平衡)in our lives?How can we live with a positive attitude?To answer the two questions,let’s21the following points.尾段为:Life is like a long journey.
30with a positive attitude and look at the bright side of things.There will always be sunshine and flowers in our eyes.
读懂了文章的首尾段,基本可以弄清楚全文的基本大意:解答“如何在生活中保持平衡感”与“如何以积极的态度生活”两个哲理问题。
二、注重理解文章标题,合理预测文章大意
解答完形填空题时,如果文章有标题,应努力读懂标题,并浏览文章内容,大致预测文章的大意,以降低理解与推测的难度。如:
【中考真题3】(2015年福州卷)文章标题为:My mother’s loving hands。通过标题可知,文章为描述母亲的双手,再结合hands的修饰词loving,可以大致推测文章会通过描述母亲的双手来表达母子之间的那份深爱。
【中考真题4】(2015年绍兴卷)文章标题为:The Power of Determination(决心)。可以预测该文主旨大意为通过记叙小男孩的事情,阐述决心的力量。顺着这个思路,再选择后续的具体信息点就容易很多。
三、把握文篇语境,领悟逻辑关系指示词,理清上下文逻辑关系
要补全完形填空的空格,需遵循“词不离句,句不离篇”的基本原则。要准确推知答案,必须先浏览全文,了解大意,利用句与句、句群与句群之间的逻辑关系,判断句子之间以及段落之间的关系,理清思路,从而顺利选择正确答案。因此,掌握基本逻辑关系的标志词,能帮助同学们更高效地完成阅读理解。
整体来说,高频逻辑关系指示词有单词、短语及独立结构三种。单词类较为常见的有:and,but,or,because,though,however,yet,therefore,otherwise,instead,unluckily,unfortunately等;短语类较为常见的有:in other words,as a result,so that,instead of等;独立结构类相对较少,如:that is to say,what is more等。如:
【中考真题5】(2015年成都卷,保留原题号)In Northern China,corn and wheat(小麦)grow well in the dry weather.So the local people make steamed bread(馒头)and noodles from66or wheat.However,it is different in the67.There,lots of rain and land near the lakes and rivers mean that the people can grow and eat rice.
66.A.riceB.chocolateC.corn
67.A.northB.southC.northwest
解析:上文中so,however均为逻辑关系标志词。so表示前后分句间为因果关系;however则表示转折关系。由此可找出此段的第一句与第二句之间的内在联系,推出当地人用(在北方生长状况好的)谷物和小麦做馒头和面条的原材料,因此第66空填corn。However的前一段讲的是北方的情况,后一部分讲的就应该是南方的情况,所以第67空填south。
四、判断实词需注意语篇意义,短语或结构搭配更需平时积累
完形填空题所设空格多为实词,且备选项均有同一性,即同为一个词性或同一词形,所以干扰迷惑度较大。在选填答案时,要根据空格前后文的语意和文章主旨大意来决定。在短语或结构搭配方面设置的题项,也因为干扰项常与前后的句子或词组可以形成某种搭配造成干扰,所以更应该多斟酌语意。对一些类似的短语,也应在平时注意积累。如:
【中考真题6】(2015年广州卷,保留原题号)He organized a community event called“Clean Up Sydney Harbour”.On Sunday,January 8,1989,more than 40,000 volunteers came out to39away rubbish.The next year,Kierman made the clean-up a national event.It was a huge success.Across Australia,about 300,000 people spent the day improving their local environment.
39.A.clearB.sendC.turnD.give
解析:此题考查对上下文的理解和对...away短语的辨析。clear away意为“清理”;send away意为“驱逐;解雇”;turn away意思是“把……拒之门外;转过脸去”;give away表示“捐赠”。根据句意,4000多名志愿者前来清扫垃圾,所以选择clear。
五、把握文章整体结构,理清句子和段落之间的关系
从完形填空题的空格设置一般根据紧邻的上下文即可推断出答案,但若涉及段落与段落之间的内在逻辑联系,试题的难度就会增加。如果能先浏览文章大意,理清上下文的基本逻辑关联和脉络,把握好文章的主体结构,难题就不再难了。
【中考真题7】(2015年湘潭卷,保留原题号)Have you ever been to a special town in Thailand?In this town,monkeys are36in the town.They run around the streets. They climb on cars,houses,and other buildings.They can go anywhere they want to,and they get into everything.
36.A.everywhereB.somewhereC.nowhere
解析:该文段为总分结构,第36空所在的句子为总起句,后面的所有语句均为对总起句的解释说明。把握了这一句子与整个段落的逻辑关系,正确答案everywhere就显而易见。
【中考真题8】(2015年株洲卷,保留原题号)Four MBA students went out on a night before their exam and drank too much.They did not36for the test and thought of a plan.Then they went to their teacher,looking very37,their dresses covered in oil and dirt.
They told their teacher that38of them had gone to a wedding the day before the exam and while coming back,their car tyre had burst(轮胎爆了).So they had to39the car all the way back to the hotel as there was no help available on the way.They said that was why they were not in a position to40the test that day and asked him to conduct a retest(安排补考)later.
The teacher was strict with his students.When he heard what they had said,he was unhappy,41he asked them to come to a retest 3 days later.The boys were very42and went to prepare in full swing.After 3 days the teacher asked them to come for the test.
The teacher said that the test had 243for 100 marks.He said that they had to take the test in different44.As the boys had prepared well they45. They looked forward to the test.
The test went as follows:
The first question:Write your name!
The second question:Which type burst?
()36.A.studyB.shopC.suggest
()37.A.excitedB.surprisedC.tired
()38.A.allB.someC.most
()39.A.driveB.pushC.repair
()40.A.giveB.takeC.teach
()41.A.soB.andC.but
()42.A.happyB.sadC.angry
()43.A.questionsB.passagesC.lessons
()44.A.carsB.schoolsC.rooms
()45.A.rememberedB.agreedC.passed
参考答案:36—40 ACABB41—45 CAACB
解析:若不先浏览文章的整体大意,许多空格的选择就会出现模棱两可的情况。如第45空若不考虑后面段落中提到的测试内容,考生很可能误选passed。因为前文说到了这些学生为补考全力以赴、准备充分。而实际的情况则是,学生的补考准备与老师的补考设题完全不搭界,教师在补考中设题是为了查出学生说的缺考理由是否真实,学生却认为老师会按常规套路出补考卷。所以此处正确答案应为agreed。
责任编辑:李丁文