高考英语阅读理解干扰项设置规律

汪蕾

阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的命制日趋稳定、科学、合理和成熟。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精准性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理素质是一种检验。纵观近几年的高考阅读理解试题不难发现，干扰项的设置具有很强的迷惑性。针对这一趋势，要全面提高阅读理解能力，除具备深厚的语言功底，一定的阅读技巧和语篇结构分析、意群分析能力外，做题时了解干扰项的设置规律也至关重要。以下结合例题对常见的干扰方法加以介绍和分析。

一、主题扩大

干扰项归纳、概括的范围过大，太空泛，太笼统，表达的内容超出或多于文章实际所阐述的内容，与主旨大意之间是包含关系。就像给一个头很小的人戴上一顶大帽子，答题者需要认清文中讨论的主题和放大含义的选项之间的包含关系，然后进行排除。同时，采用逆推法，假定自己要以选项作为标题写文章，自己会以什么内容为主题。

HOUSTON ——A 10-year-old boy fatally shot his father Friday，as he sat in the front seat of a SUV to pick up the boy from his mothers home for a weekend visit.

The incident happened about 3p.m on a culdesac（死胡同）in the 1700 block of Cedar Cove Court，said Williams of the Harris County Sheriffs Department.

An investigation found that Rick James ，41，was shot by his son，who was sitting in the back seat of the mans Toyota 4-Runner，said Williams.The shooting took place outside the home of Jamesex-wife，where the boy lives with his mother and a 7-year-old brother.

“Were not certain of anything until we finish our investigation”： Williams said.“The information we have at this time is that the 10-year-old did fire the weapon.”

The mother and the 7-year-old were inside the house when the shooting occurred，said Williams.Williams said the gun belonged to the boys mother.After firing shots through the back seat，the boy exited the back of the vehicle and continued to fire at the car.

The man died on the way to Memorial Herman Hospital.

James was a doctor at the University of Texas Medical Branch.

The man and woman shared custody（监护）of the children.

Williams said the mother and the boy were still in the home talking to investigators Friday night.

Neighbors described the family as being quiet and keeping to themselves

1.The best title for the news should be ？摇？摇 ？摇？摇

A.A Boy Shot His Father.

B.Shooting Kill a Father.

C.An Unbelievable Tragedy.（主题扩大）

D.A Ten-Year-Old Boys Cruelty.

二、以偏概全

干扰项概括不全面，只阐述了文章的部分内容，覆盖部分段落或几句话，或干扰项以次要的事实或者细节冒充全文的主要观点。在选项中，就答案本身来看，在短文中均被提及，甚至个个都对。考生此时要特别注意整体与部分及全面与片面的包容关系，防止主次不分，以点带面，以偏概全。

Most people know that lighthouses help keep ships safe.For hundreds of years，their shining lights have warned people of dangers.However，in many places，lighthouses could not be built at that time，so lightships were used instead.

...Usually，a lightship crew worked on the ship for four months at a time.Their job was to take care of the light.They worked hard to keep it going in bad weather.

The first lightship in the US was put in Chesapeake Bay in Virginia.The year was 1820.Three years later，a lightship was put at New York Harbor...

lightships used different fuels for more than 50 years...

At one time，there were more than 100 lightships in US waters.In 1952，The last new lightship was built.in 1985 the use of lightships ended in the US...

today...the days of working lightships were over.

2.What is the text mainly about？

A.How to build a lightship.

B.The importance of lightships.（以偏概全）

C.People who worked on lightships.（以偏概全）

D.The history of lightships in the US.

三、以假乱真

在各种干扰信息中，伪造信息用得最多，干扰项用了与原文相似的句式，保留了原文中的大多数词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了一个词汇，造成了句意的改变（通常在中心词前面的修饰词上做文章，名词前的形容词、动词，形容词前的副词，以及地点、时间、方式状语的程度、范围与原文不一致等），给考生一种错觉，选项与原文意思差不多，以假乱真，迷惑和干扰考生。考生在辨别选项中的信息时，粗略一读，只看到几个表面文字与有关部分相同就妄下结论。

Safeway Inc started a month-long fund-raising campaign that will bring new hope and opportunities to thousands of people living with disabilities.through cooperation with Easter Sales and Special Olympics，the company announced that it would raise millions of dollars this year to fund theregionalrecovery service programmes，provide money for job training，and train the disabled athletes so they can take part in Special Olympics throughout the country.

3.According to the text this year，Safeway Inc will？摇？摇 ？摇？摇

A.fund job training for the disabled.

B.conduct national recovery programmes.

C.raise $100 million to help the disabled.

D.set up a local disability center.

四、常识臆断

干扰项通常是基本常识或普遍存在的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支撑。考生往往根据“潜意识”的生活经验及常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。这类选项之所以能起干扰作用，就是因为看似合乎情理的信息并非文章所提及，是考生潜意识里的“想当然”选项，即文中未提，主观想象。因此，要谨防先入为主，误导了判断，忽略了要从原文中验证。

There is no association between the amount of homework one does and the amount of knowledge one gathers.In fact，a research by Australian experts shows that the result is exactly the opposite： the more hours students spend doing homework，the less effective they will be in gaining knowledge.

The United States is one of the countries where students do little homework，but that has not damaged the countrys academic status in the world.So，its time Chinese schools understood this fact and freed students of the unnecessary burden of homework.

4.The author compared China with the USA in order to？摇 ？摇.

A.emphasize that American education is more advanced than China（常识臆断）

B.state the Chinese students are more stupid than those in America（常识臆断）

C.attract more Chinese students to go further study abroad（常识臆断）

D. imply that how much homework has little to do with learning

五、时态转换

干扰项针对文中某一细节设置选项，改变该细节的时态，已然未然有意混淆，即干扰项与原文内容一致，只是改变了谓语动词的时态。考生在做题时，只注意干扰项所表达的语意含义，未从时态所表达的时间概念上理解选项内容。

Now hes expecting one million people worldwide to take part in the One Day Without Shoes event——spending a day without shoes to have a better understanding of those who do not have a choice.

5.Which of the following is TRUE about the One Day Without Shoes event？

A.It is part of the One for One business model.

B.It is held in South America and Africa every year.

C.It makes people experience what its like not wearing shoes.

D.One million people around the world have already taken part in it.（时态转换）

六、语气转换

干扰项通常包含有表示程度、范围等绝对语气的表达，如：must，always，never，most，all，every，any，completely，only等。正确选项常含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：sometimes，probably，possibly，may，usually，might，relatively，be likely to，tend to，其语气平和、委婉、留有余地。

The company processes an average of 30 million ducks every year，and nearly 60 percent of those poultry products are sold to markets in the Yangtze River Delta region，where the current bird flu cases are from. The company is now losing nearly 1 million yuan a day，he said.of course，Zhaos company is not alone in suffering because of the recent H7N9 outbreak.

“It is a certainty that the industry will shrink this year. Now I am also quite worried that many farmers may give up poultry farming in the future，since there are so many risks in the poultry farming”： Zhao said.

6.According to zhao，which of the following statements is true？

A.Many farmers may not raise poultry in the future.

B.The company is suffering nearly 1 million dollars loss every day.

C.The company is suffering the biggest loss because of the bird flu.

D.All of the companys ducks are sold to markets in the Yangtze River Delta region.

七、强加因果关系

干扰项把并不存在因果关系的两处内容以事理逻辑连接在一起，形成一个看上去很像原文内容的选项，但原文当中并没有类似的因果关系。尤其是对于那些本身就靠“朦胧法”做题的考生来说，这种错误选项很隐蔽，具有很强的迷惑性。

Now that Harrie was free，she did not forget the hundreds of other slaves back in Maryland. Harriet travelled back and forth eighteen times，helping about 300 slaves escape into free territory.She became an expert at hiding from slave hunters.The people she helped called her Moses...

After the fighting ended，Harriet Tubman returned to Auburn，New York. She kept working. She travelled and gave speeches to raise money for better education for black children. She also worked for womens rights and housing. Harriet Tubman died in 1913.She was about 93 years old. By that time，she was recognized as an American hero. The United States government gave a funeral with military honours for the woman known as Moses.

7.According to the text，we know that ？摇？摇 ？摇？摇.

A.slavery was banned in all the states in America before the Civil War.

B.Harriet Tubman raised money for better education for white children.

C.The government gave her a funeral because she was Moses（强加因果关系）

D.Harriet Tubman still worked for black people after the Civil war.

综上所述，无论阅读理解题目的设置形式如何变化，其选项的命制原则基本保持不变，阅读理解干扰项设置有一定的规律可循。如果做题时能够把握干扰项的设置特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息或不合题目要求的信息，就必将提高考生理解的准确率，起到事半功倍的作用。