刊首语

刊首语

第十届中国国际园林博览会即将在武汉闭幕，2016年唐山国际园艺博览会马上又要开幕，2017年和2018年郑州与南宁将要分别承办第十一和十二届中国国际园林博览会，2019年北京将承办世界园艺博览会。中国已是举办园林博览会最为频繁的国家，也是每届博览会规模最大的国家，本期的主题就聚焦于园林博览会。

什么是园林博览会呢？博览会一般指展场规模庞大、展出内容广泛、参展方和参观者众多的展览会，一般可分为两种类型：一种为综合性的展览，如世博会；另一种为特定领域的专业性展览，如工业博览会、农业博览会、书籍博览会、服装博览会……等等，其中园林博览会就是一种主要涉及园林园艺的专业性博览会。由于园林涉及到自然、城市、科技、文化等方面，所以与大多数专业性博览会相比，园林博览会往往又具有更为综合的特点，也与大众的生活和兴趣有更为密切的关系。园林博览会对社会、生活、环境的积极影响和贡献是许多专业类的博览会无法比拟的。

世界上的博览会五花八门，但能经久不衰、持续举办的博览会必然具有一个共同的特点，就是要不断推陈出新，展示人类最新的思想观念、科学技术、艺术水准和研究成果，并充分展现对未来的理解、预判与憧憬。园林博览会持久的生命力也在于不断创新，展览既要与百姓的生活密切相关，又要充分展示解决现有问题的合理途径和应对未来挑战的可能方式。

园林博览会应该展出什么呢？每届园林博览会一般都要建造园博园。园博园本身就是一个展品，展示在特定条件和环境中景观设计的最高成就和对自然、生态、城市、社会、生活、人文、艺术、科技等方面的最新思考。园博园中的展览内容非常综合，一般与园林、园艺及户外健康生活相关，包括公共园林、各种观赏植物和经济植物、主题花园、农事花园、家庭花园、儿童花园、理疗花园、景观材料、园林设施、园林技术、室内花展等等。一些公园设施，如游戏场、活动场、剧场、服务设施、休息设施往往也都是展品。另外每届承办城市也会根据自身的特点设置一些特殊的展览。

要有怎样的园博园呢？园博园的规模一般与园林博览会的级别和吸引力有关，国际和国家级别的园林博览会由于展览内容综合，为保证展览的完整和参观的安全与舒适，按以往的经验，园博园的规模应该不小于160hm2。地区和省一级别园林博览会的面积一般数十公顷即可，这样可以节省建园的费用和土地资源，使得一些中小城市承办园林博览会成为可能。

如果仅从园林博览会考虑，园博园需要选址于合适的区域，有足够大的土地，具有便捷的公共交通。然而，无论园林博览会有多么重要，作为会展本身总是要结束的，实际上博览会结束后园博园的再利用远比博览会本身更为重要。所以园博园的选址更要考虑到它对城市的社会、经济、生态和生活等方面的积极影响。

园博园的功能在博览会的会期和会后是完全不同的，会期需要的是城市的投资，参展方的广泛参与和观众的踊跃参观；而会后的园博园则有多种发展的可能，其中最主要的方式是转变为城市公园，这时的园博园面对的使用者不仅仅是游客，更多的是在园博园中休憩、运动、健身和观赏风景的普通市民。这意味着博览会结束后，园博园必须进行适当的改造和调整，以适应完全不同的功能和要求。所以园博园不仅要完成博览会会期的规划，更要做好博览会会后的规划。

园林博览会在中国仅有20年历史，取得的成就却令人瞩目，但同时也存在着诸多问题。对于“什么是园林博览会？要有怎样的园林博览会？它的意义和价值是什么？”，我们的认识似乎并不清晰。

以往建造的园博园大多远远超过园林博览会本身所需的规模，优点是为城市留下更大面积的绿地，但同时也容易造成土地资源的浪费、投资的增加以及由于规模过大带来的参观游览的困难。每届园林博览会似乎都在重复以往的经验，甚至模拟古人留下的花园，少有创新，更鲜有对未来的展望，这与博览会的办会宗旨显然是有矛盾的。大多数展览都没有涉及大众的生活需要、也几乎没有互动性展览，游客很少能从园林博览会中获取与他们日常生活相关的信息。

每一届园林博览会都会提出不同的主题和口号，其宗旨大多是自然、生态、环保、绿色和生活，但是许多园博园并没有展现出人与自然和谐的面貌，没有回应我们所面临的生态问题和环境问题，而是对现场进行大规模的工程改造，园中充满了人工堆砌和过度设计，造价也普遍远高于一般的公共景观。

不少园林博览会在会展结束后，仍基本保持会展期间园博园的面貌，追求园博会的“永不落幕”。然而由于使用群体已经发生根本的变化，这样的园博园不可能得到有效利用，有些园博园甚至在多数时间内少有人问津，还必须投入高额的资金进行维护。

尽管存在着诸多问题，但是由于成功的园林博览会在扩大城市影响，促进城市更新和基础设施建设，推动城市新区发展，改善城市空间结构，完善城市绿地系统，推动城市旅游业、房地产业、商业和服务业发展，修复环境受损地区的生态系统，推广园林艺术和园艺产业等众多方面具有突出的意义，所以许多城市都希望有机会承办园林博览会，园林博览会在中国必然会持续发展下去。但如何更有效地回应现实中复杂的生态环境和城市问题，如何更好地面向未来，如何不断创新，提高设计水准，如何为园林博览会引入更多的市场机制，如何让博览会融入城市、融入百姓生活，这些都是未来中国园林博览会必须面对的问题。

The 10thChina International Garden Expo in Wuhan will close， and shortly the 2016 International Horticultural Exposition will open in Tangshan. The cities of Zhengzhou and Nanning are going to host respectively the 11th and 12th session of China International Garden Expo in 2017 and 2018， and Beijing will host the World Horticultural Exposition in 2019. China has been not only the country that organizes most frequently various International Garden Expos but also one that hosts the largest scale exposition in the world. This issue we will focus the topic on Garden Expo.

What is Garden Expo？ Expo basically means a public event holds in a big venue for large amount of exhibitors and visitors to participate and many products to be displayed. It could be divided into two types： the universal exposition such as the World Expo； the specialized exposition for a particular industry such as the industrial exposition， the agriculture fair， book fair， clothing and fashion exposition and so on. Garden Expo is one type of the specialized exposition on landscape and gardening. For that landscape and garden is linked closely with aspects of the nature， city， technology，local culture etc. Garden Expos are usually more comprehensive and closer to social life than many other specialized expositions. In other words， Garden Expo impacts on and contributes to the society， public life and environment more significantly and positively than other specialized expositions.

Among the multifarious Expos that appeared in the world， the survived， long-lasting ones have a common character. That is， they demonstrate constantly the most recent human philosophies， technologies， art standard and research findings， and present the human understanding， judgment and expectations on the future. The lasting vigor of Garden Expo lies on innovations， with compositions related to both the life and the people， and reasonable solutions to existing problems for tomorrow and possible approaches to address the future challenges.

What shall we exhibit in the Garden Expo？ Usually each Garden Expo would design and construct a Garden Expo Park which is itself an display that shows the highest achievements of landscape design under designated conditions and environments as well as the most recent ideas regarding the nature， ecological condition， cites， society，human art and technology. To this end， Garden Expo parks are generally comprehensive expositions related to landscape， horticulture and healthy life. The scope of exposition includes public garden， ornamental plants and economic plants， thematic garden，farm work garden， family garden， children garden， physiotherapical garden， landscape materials， garden facilities， garden technology and indoor flower show and so on. Park facilities such as playground， activity ground， theatre， service facilities and rest facilities are also exhibited. In addition， each Expo host city would incorporate some special exhibitions that reflect the local urban features.

What is the Garden Expo like？ Specifically， the scale of Expo Park should be determined by its level attraction. Normally， the national and international Expo cover no less than 160 hectares， to ensure more comprehensive display as well as visitors’safe and comfort. Meanwhile the regional or the provincial level Expos are generally dozens of hectares， to save cost and land resources， which gives the smaller city more opportunities to host Expos.

If only considering the Expo urban event nature， the Garden Expo Park will be located at sufficiently spacious area and appropriate， accessible site. However， no matter how significant the Expo has been， it will finish eventually. In fact， the reuse of Expo Garden is far more important than the Expo itself. Therefore site selection of the Expo must emphasize its long-term positive effect on the society， economy， ecological condition and urban life.

The functions of the Expo Park during and after the Expo are completely different. More specifically， what are needed during the exposition are investment， widespread participation of exhibitors and visitors. After the Expo， this park could be developed to other uses， mostly possibly urban parks to provide a space for local residents to rest， do physical exercise or enjoy the landscape scenery， which means the park must be adjusted to disparate functions and requirements after the Exhibition ends. Thus， the Expo Park designers should consider deliberately both of the exhibition period and the afterexhibition period.

Garden Expo has a 20-year history in China， while with remarkable achievements，various problems occurred. "What is the Garden Expo？ What is the Garden Expo like？What is the key value and main objective of a Garden Expo？” The organizers of Expo occasionally do not have a clear thinking.

Most of the conventional Garden Expos were built far larger than the required size， for leaving a larger area of green space for the city. Nevertheless， it easily leads to the waste of land resources， increasing investment and the difficulty of regulation. Each session of Garden Expo in China seems to repeat the past experiences over and over， and even simulate the ancient gardens， lack of innovation and the prospects for the future， which is obviously contradict with the mission to Garden Expo. Most exhibitions do not involve civic daily life and display few interactive exhibits. Visitors rarely feel it is relevant to their daily lives from Garden Expo.

Each session of Garden Expo will put forward different themes and slogans， which are mostly about nature， ecology， environment-friendly， green and living. Unfortunately，most of today’s Garden Expos failed to communicate the harmony between man and nature and did not respond the ecological and environmental problems we are facing at present. Instead， the park is filled with the construction of large-scale projects， a pile of artificial and over-engineered design， which cost much higher than the regular public parks.

To pursuit of “permanent” Garden Expo， many Expo parks were retained very long time in an old state. It is impossible for such a park to realize effective utilization and suit civic needs. In consequence， it takes high funds for maintenance but only few people visit in most of the time.

In conclusion， hosting a fruitful Garden Expo is significant to enhance city’s influence， improve the urban spatial structure and green system， restore the damaged regional ecosystem， promote infrastructure construction and urban development including tourism， real estate and business， along with develop the industry of landscape planning and horticulture. That’s why all cities are passionate for undertaking a Garden Expo and the competition will absolutely be even stiff in the coming years. Meanwhile，China have to face the pressing challenges how to innovate and increase the quality of planning and design， to aware of the fact that complex ecological environment and urban problems should be solved for sustainable development and to examine how to introduce better market mechanisms into Garden Expo. Last but not least， consider to highlight of fitting Expo with the urban development and civic life.

PREFACE