托福独立写作句式多样化的十大手法（下）

王君

在上一期，笔者介绍了托福独立写作句式多样化的四大基本手法，本期笔者给广大考生介绍另外六种句式多样化的写作手法。

方法五：强调句式

强调句式的基本结构是：It is/was +被强调部分+ that +原句剩余部分。当被强调的部分是指人时，that也可以用who替换，被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等成分。在独立写作中，考生可以用强调句型来强调自己的观点。比如这个题目：“Do you agree or disagree： Younger people are more likely to be influenced by the opinions of celebrities than older people.”考生此时可以用强调句来表达自己的观点：

It is younger people rather than older people that are more likely to be influenced by the opinions of celebrities.

再比如，针对这个题目：“Do you agree or disagree： The government should invest more money in economic development than in environmental protection.”考生可以通过强调介词后的宾语来突出自己的观点：

It is economic development rather than environmental protection that the government should invest more money in.

再比如这个题目：“Do you agree or disagree： People can take better care of their family members in urban areas than in rural areas.”考生可以通过强调状语来突出自己的观点。

It is in urban areas rather than in rural areas that people can take better care of their family members.

方法六：倒装句式

在托福写作中，下面四种部分倒装的句式比较实用。

1. “Not only ... but also …”句型：当not only放句首时，not only后面的成分倒装，but also后面的成分不倒装。这个句型可以用在作文主体段表达并列关系的内容，或者用在结尾段概括总结主体段的内容。

Not only can taking part in social activities help college students make lots of friends， but it also helps to develop their all-round abilities.

2. 否定副词或者否定短语放句首，句子部分倒装：常见的否定词或者短语有never、hardly、rarely、scarcely、seldom、in no time、in no way、by no means、on no account、under no circumstances等。句子倒装后，否定的意思得到了强调。比如：

Never will I give up.

Under no circumstances will I give up.

3. “Only +状语”放句首倒装：这种类型的倒装句可以分为三种情况：①“only +副词”作状语放句首；② “only +介词短语”作状语放句首；③“only +状语从句”作状语放句首。下面分别举例说明。

Only recently did I realize the importance of English.

Only by doing so can we protect our environment.

Only when we are far away from home can we realize the importance of parents.

这类倒装句型经常可以用在独立写作结尾段最后一句，作用是对全文进行总结和升华。

4. “So ... that”引导的结果状语从句，当“so +形容词/副词”放句首时倒装：比如，对于句子“The flood was so severe that it damaged the village”，考生如果想强调洪水的严重性，可以将so severe放句首进行倒装，具体如下：

So severe was the flood that it damaged the village.

方法七：虚拟语气

在独立写作主体段，有时考生可以用虚拟语气来加强论证。针对与过去或现在事实相反的情况，或者未来不太可能发生的情况，考生就应该用虚拟语气的形式来表达。比如，为了证明科技的好处，考生可以这样假设：“如果现在没有互联网，将会……”这就需要运用对现在进行虚拟的表达形式：从句的谓语用过去时（系动词用were）， 主句的谓语用“would/should/might/could +动词原形”来表达。以下面这个句子为例。

If there were not the Internet， it would be difficult for us to obtain information.

再比如，在主体段举完一个实例之后，为了加强例证，考生可以用对过去虚拟的形式来对比论证。此时，从句的谓语用had done的形式，主句的谓语用“would/should/might/could + have done”的形式。比如，为了证明看电视对孩子的负面影响，考生可以举例证明Mike因为看电视过多导致成绩退步。之后考生可以运用虚拟语气来对比论证：如果Mike没有对看电视上瘾，他就不可能考试不及格。

If Mike had not been addicted to watching TV， he would not have failed the exam.

方法八：同位语作插入语

考生可以用同位语从句作插入语来补充说明一个名词，进而使得句式更加多样化。比如，针对句子“Beijing is a great city”，考生可以补充Beijing的同位语：

Beijing， the capital of China， is a great city.

这里两个逗号中间的同位语不仅补充了表达的内容，而且让句式更加丰富。在独立写作主体段举例的时候，考生介绍人物或者地点时经常可以运用这样的方式。再举一个例子：

Jack Ma， the founder of Chinas biggest e-commerce group， is a successful businessman.

方法九：修辞性问句

修辞性问句（rhetorical question）的适当运用可以丰富以陈述句为主导的文章的语言。在独立写作首段，考生可以通过问句来引出文章的争议话题。在主体段或者其他地方，考生可以通过反问的方式来加强论证说服的力度。

比如在《新托福考试官方指南（第四版）》第211页官方公布的最高档5分档次的作文中，为了证明“诚实是任何人际交往关系中最重要的考虑因素”，该5分作文用到了修辞性问句：“Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else， thatd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again？ How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there？”作者通过这样的反问加强了语气，同时也极大地丰富了全文的句式。在这篇文章后面的Raters Comments部分，评卷人点评时提到考生对修辞性问句的评价：“There is a variety of sentence structures， including rhetorical questions.”由此可见，运用修辞性问句也是丰富作文句式的一个好方法。

方法十：并列排比结构

在整个独立写作中，考生也可以在需要的时候运用并列排比结构来拓展文章的内容，丰富语言和增强气势。英语中从词汇和短语到从句和主句都可以使用并列排比，从而丰富语言。请看这道托福题目：“Do you agree or disagree with the statement： Childrens education is a more difficult task than it was before because children spend too much time using cell phones， online games and social websites.”考生可以通过并列排比结构来写出个性化的首段：“To the people who argue that cell phones affect childrens studies， who claim that online games destroy childrens lives and who insist that social websites are harmful to childrens development， I refute these arguments with the following reasons.”这个首段通过三个who引导的定语从句的并列排比把题干中的三个方面都写了进来，体现了语言的个性化和丰富性。因为篇幅所限，这一方法在此无法详细阐述，考生可以学习笔者在本刊2013年12月号发表的《将“总统思维”植入托福写作》（扫右侧二维码可阅读）一文来详细了解。