水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

2016-08-24李银坤武雪萍武其甫吴会军

植物营养与肥料学报 2016年4期

关键词：铵态氮菜地黄瓜

李银坤，武雪萍，武其甫，吴会军

(1 北京农业智能装备技术研究中心，北京 100097; 2 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，耕地培育技术国家工程实验室，北京 100081; 3 内蒙古低碳发展研究院，内蒙古呼和浩特 010010)

水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

李银坤1，武雪萍2*，武其甫3，吴会军2

灌溉; 氮肥; 菜地; 铵态氮浓度; 氨挥发速率; 产量

长期以来对土壤氨挥发的研究多集中于大田[11-12]，设施菜地土壤氨挥发的报道较少。我国设施蔬菜种植模式中，黄瓜和番茄轮作最为普遍，但目前尚缺少不同水肥条件下氨挥发周年动态变化方面的研究，而且对黄瓜和番茄轮作周期内氨挥发损失量及其影响因子尚不明确。本研究以华北平原设施黄瓜-番茄菜地为研究对象，通过设置不同水氮条件，探讨黄瓜-番茄种植体系内的氨挥发特征及其影响因素，以揭示影响设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要因子，为建立合理的灌溉和施肥制度提供科学依据。

1　材料与方法

1.1试验材料

试验点位于河北省辛集市马庄科园农场内(37°78′N，115°30′E)。该区域属暖温带半湿润大陆性气候，年均气温12.5℃，年日照时数2629.5 h，全年无霜期190 d。试验用日光温室长39 m、宽7.5 m，供试土壤为壤质潮土。定位试验开始于2008年2月，种植制度为黄瓜-番茄轮作，试验开始前0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量15.4 g/kg，全氮1.55 g/kg，速效磷32.4 mg/kg，速效钾165.3 mg/kg，土壤容重1.35 g/cm3，田间持水率23.7%。

1.2试验设计

1.3测定项目与方法

氨挥发由通气法测定[13]。首先用磷酸甘油溶液均匀浸泡海绵(直径16 cm，厚度2 cm)，然后将其横置于聚氯乙烯硬质塑料管中(直径15 cm，高10 cm)。下层海绵距管底部5 cm，用于吸收来自土壤中的挥发氨; 上层海绵与管顶部齐平，用于吸收空气中的氨，以避免污染下层海绵。双层海绵布置好后将塑料管插入土壤(约2 cm)。取样时，将下层海绵取出后放入自封袋，迅速带回实验室用浓度为1 mol/L的氯化钾溶液振荡浸提，浸提液经滤纸过滤后由流动分析仪测定铵态氮含量。每试验小区布置2个氨挥发取样装置，一般在施肥后的1、 3、 5、 7、 10 d取样，若2次施肥间隔较长，则适当增加取样次数。

土壤氨挥发速率(F)=M/(A×D)×10-2

式中， F为土壤氨挥发速率[kg/(hm2·d)]; M为取样装置单位时间内吸收的氨量(NH3-N mg); A为氨挥发取样装置的横截面积(m2); D为每次连续取样的时间(d)。

式中,Mt为土壤氨挥发量(kg/hm2);i为采样次数;t为采样时间，即定植后天数(d)。

氨挥发损失率(%)=(施氮区氨挥发量-不施氮区氨挥发量)/施氮量×100。

在氨挥发取样的当天，另在氨挥发取样装置周围10 cm处采集0—10 cm土样，测定土壤含水量及其铵态氮含量。其中土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS，%)=土壤容重×土壤含水量/(1-土壤容重/2.65)

黄瓜(番茄)以小区为单位进行采摘，由电子天平称重，并在植株拉秧后统计总产量。计算氮肥农学效率和灌溉水利用效率。

氮肥农学效率(kg/kg)=(施氮区黄瓜产量-不施氮区黄瓜产量)/施氮量。

灌溉水利用效率(kg/m3)=产量/灌水量。

统计分析软件用SAS，最小显著差异法(Duncan)进行多重比较，Pearson法进行相关性分析。

表1　设施黄瓜-番茄种植体系中灌水及氮用量

2　结果与分析

2.1表层土壤铵态氮动态变化

2.2土壤氨挥发速率的动态变化

图1　设施黄瓜-番茄体系内0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度动态变化Fig.1　Changes of soil -N concentration (0-10 cm) in the cucumber-tomato rotation system

图2　黄瓜-番茄生长季内土壤氨挥发动态变化Fig. 2　Dynamics of soil ammonia volatilization during the cucumber-tomato growing seasons[注(Note): 箭头表示追肥日期 Arrows indicate the dates of fertilization.]

2.3土壤氨挥发损失量

表2　黄瓜-番茄种植体系内土壤氨挥发损失量

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at the 5% level.

2.4表层土壤铵态氮含量与土壤氨挥发速率关系

统计分析表明，各处理土壤氨挥发速率与表层(0—10 cm)土壤铵态氮浓度均呈正相关关系，除不施氮处理W1N0和W2N0外，均达显著或极显著相关(图3)。可见，土壤铵态氮浓度是设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要影响因子。

2.5黄瓜-番茄的氮肥和灌溉水利用效率

3　讨论

3.1施氮量对设施菜地土壤氨挥发的影响

图3　土壤氨挥发速率与0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度的关系Fig. 3　Corelations between the ammonia volatilization rate and the 0-10 cm soil -N concentration

处理Treatment产量(×104kg/hm2)Yield黄瓜Cucumber番茄Tomato全年All-year氮肥农学效率(kg/kg)Nitrogenagronomicefficiency黄瓜Cucumber番茄Tomato全年All-year灌溉水农学效率(kg/m3)Irrigationwateragronomicefficiency黄瓜Cucumber番茄Tomato全年All-yearW1N013.0d12.6ab25.6d17.4d60.9b26.9eW1N120.0a13.4a33.4a77.1a11.7a49.1a26.7bc64.7b35.0cW1N218.2b12.7ab30.9b43.3b0.82c25.1b24.4c61.3b32.4dW2N015.1c12.7ab27.8c29.2b82.8a41.4bW2N116.9b13.1a30.0b19.6c6.49b14.0c32.6a85.6a44.7aW2N216.9b12.1b29.0bc14.3c0d5.69d32.5a79.3a43.2ab

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at the 5% level.

3.2灌水对设施菜地土壤氨挥发的影响

3.3其他环境因子对设施菜地土壤氨挥发的影响

其他环境因子如气温、地温以及光照条件等均影响土壤的氨挥发[8,24]。由于本试验是在同一个温室内开展的定位研究，各处理的气象条件差异很小，这种差异对土壤氨挥发的影响可忽略不计。但气象因子本身对土壤氨挥发的影响具有一定的规律性，其主要是通过影响土壤中的铵态氮浓度间接影响土壤的氨挥发[8,24]。对于设施菜地来说，由于灌水和施肥量大，且施用频繁，气象因子对土壤氨挥发的影响往往被氮肥和灌水的影响所掩蔽。

4　结论

3)本试验条件下，节水30%、减量施氮25%的水氮组合(W2N1)具有较佳的经济效益与环境效应。

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Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization loss from vegetable fields under greenhouse cultivation

LI Yin-kun1, WU Xue-ping2*, WU Qi-fu3, WU Hui-jun2

(1BeijingResearchCenterofIntelligentEquipmentforAgriculture,Beijing100097,China; 2NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforImprovingQualityofArableLand/InstituteofAgriculturalResourceandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgricultureSciences,Beijing100081,China; 3InnerMongoliaLow-CarbonResearchInstitute,Hohhot010010,China)

【Objectives】 Excessive nitrogen fertilization and irrigation are common phenomena in greenhouse cultivated vegetable production in China. Objectives of this study were to identify characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization under different irrigation and nitrogen conditions, and to investigate impacts of important factors on soil ammonia volatilization in a cucumber-tomato rotation system. 【Methods】 The study was carried out with two irrigation levels, traditional irrigation (W1) and reduced irrigation quantity (W2), and three nitrogen application rates, traditional nitrogen rate (N2), reduced by 25% from traditional nitrogen rate (N1) and no nitrogen application (N0). There were six treatments, W1N0, W1N1, W1N2, W2N0，W2N1 and W2N2. The venting method was used to investigate the dynamics of ammonia volatilization and the key impact factors related to soil ammonia volatilization in the vegetable fields in the North China Plain. 【Results】 The nitrogen rates have significant effect on the ammonium nitrogen contents of topsoil (0-10 cm depth) in the cucumber-tomato rotation system. Compared to the traditional nitrogen treatment (N2), the peak value of the ammonium nitrogen concentration is reduced by 25.1%-30.3% (P<0.05) in the reduced nitrogen treatment (N1) under the same irrigation condition. Reduction of the nitrogen rate significantly reduces the soil ammonia volatilization rate. Compared to the traditional nitrogen treatment (N2), the average rates of soil ammonia volatilization are reduced by 21.1%-22.8% (P<0.05) and 16.5%-17.9% (P<0.05) in the cucumber growing season and tomato growing season, respectively. The ammonia volatilization amount and loss ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer are 17.8-48.1 kg/hm2and 1.23%-1.44% in the cucumber-tomato rotation system, respectively. Compared to the N2 treatment, the ammonia volatilization amount and loss ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer of the N1 treatment are reduced by 19.3%-20.0% (P< 0.05) and 0.85-0.92 percentage point, respectively. There is a significantly positive correlation between the soil ammonia volatilization rate and 0-10 cm soil ammonium nitrogen concentration, which shows that the 0-10 cm soil ammonium nitrogen concentration is one of the important factors affecting soil ammonia volatilization. The soil ammonia volatilization rate and ammonia volatilization amount in the reduced irrigation treatment (W2) are higher than those in the traditional irrigation treatment (W1) (P>0.05). Appropriate reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation application not only has high vegetable production, but also significantly increases the irrigation water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Compared to the N2 treatment, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency is increased by 95.4%-146.4% in the N1 treatment, and compared to the W1 treatment, the irrigation water agronomic efficiency of the W2 treatment is increased by 27.7%-54.0%. 【Results】 By taking the reasonable measure of water-saving and nitrogen application reduction, the objectives of reducing the ammonia volatilization, increasing the yield and improving the irrigation water and nitrogen use efficiencies can be achieved. In summary, the combination of water-saving irrigation by 30% and nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 25% (W2N1) can make a good economic benefit and environmental effect in this experiment.