添加DCD对雨养区春玉米产量、氧化亚氮排放及硝态氮残留的影响

2016-08-24吴得峰姜继韶王志齐党廷辉郭胜利巨晓棠

植物营养与肥料学报 2016年1期

关键词：氧化亚氮施氮硝态

吴得峰, 姜继韶, 高兵, 刘燕, 王蕊, 王志齐,党廷辉,,*, 郭胜利,,, 巨晓棠*

(1西北农林科技大学资源环境学院，杨凌 712100; 2中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京100193;3中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，杨凌 712100; 4西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所，杨凌 712100)

添加DCD对雨养区春玉米产量、氧化亚氮排放及硝态氮残留的影响

吴得峰1, 姜继韶3, 高兵2, 刘燕2, 王蕊1, 王志齐4,党廷辉1,3,4*, 郭胜利1,3,4, 巨晓棠2*

1　材料与方法

1.1试验地概况

1.2试验设计与管理

1.3测定项目与方法

具体措施为：利用网络技术进行电力网格的程序设计，构建数据网格和信息网格，整合电力系统现有的数据和资源，实现数据在不同区域调度中心的交换和计算。电力网格的设置可以实现内网和外网的采用同一操作系统的运作模式，能在很大程度上提高电网运行的效率。

1.3.2 产量测定玉米收获时期，每个小区选取16 m2(共90株玉米)，掰下玉米后称重，然后从中选取15个(能代表本小区实际情况)带回脱粒后自然风干，称重，计算籽实产量。

1.4计算方法与数据分析

氮肥农学效率[N agronomic efficiency(AE)，kg/kg]=(施氮区产量-不施氮区产量)/施氮量[27];

N2O排放通量[F，μg/(m2·h)]=(273×M×60/10×H)/[22.4×(273+T)]×dc/dt其中， 22.4为温度为273K时的N2O摩尔体积(L/mol); T(℃)为盖箱时间内平均大气温度; M(28)代表每摩尔N2O中N2的分子量; H为采样箱高度(cm)，c为N2O气体浓度(μL/L); t为关箱时间(min); dc/dt为采样箱内N2O气体浓度的变化率[μL/(L·min)]; dc/dt(t=0)是指曲线在0时刻的初始斜率[28]。

2　结果与分析

2.1施氮模式对玉米产量和氮肥农学效率的影响

表1　施肥模式对玉米籽粒产量和氮肥农学效率的影响Table 1　Effects of fertilization modes on grain yields and several agronomic indexes of corn

注(Note): NEA—氮肥农学效率 N agronomic efficiency; PEP—氮肥偏生产力Partial efficiency of N; 同列数据后不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.

2.2施氮模式对土壤表层矿质氮动态变化的影响

图1　施氮模式对土壤表层硝态氮动态变化的影响Fig.

[注(Note): FS—休闲季Fallow season; MS—玉米生长季Maize season; 箭头代表施肥时间Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]

2.3施氮模式对土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

施氮显著增加了4种施氮模式的氧化亚氮的排放速率(P<0.05)(图3)，在施氮后的10天内N2O排放速率维持在一个较高水平，10天以后显著降低。

图2　施氮模式对土壤表层铵态氮动态变化的影响Fig.2　Dynamic in -N in topsoil (0—20 cm) under the N fertilization practices

[注(Note): FS—休闲季Fallow season; MS—玉米生长季Maize season; 箭头代表施肥时间Arrows represent the time of fertilization.]

图3　不同施氮模式土壤氧化亚氮排放动态变化Fig.3　Dynamic in N2O under different N fertilization modes

2.4施氮模式对土壤剖面硝态氮残留的影响

表2　施氮模式对土壤氧化亚氮排放年累积量的影响(kg/hm2)Table 2　Cumulative N2O emission under the N fertilization practices

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.

表3不同施氮模式土壤0—200 cm剖面硝态氮残留量(kg/hm2)

profile under different N fertilization modes

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平 Values followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments at 5% level.

3　讨论

4　结论

1)减量施氮模式在施氮量减少20%的同时，并没有显著降低玉米产量，反而提高了氮肥偏生产力(32%)和氮肥农学效率(27%)。

因此，在黄土高原雨养农业区使用DCD是一种保产、减氮、减排的有效措施，也是一种科学有效的施肥管理方式。

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Effects of DCD addition on grain yield, N2O emission and residual nitrate-N of spring maize in rain-fed agriculture

WU De-feng1, JIANG Ji-shao3, GAO Bing2, LIU Yan2, WANG Rui1, WANG Zhi-qi4,DANG Ting-hui1,3,4*, GUO Sheng-li1,3,4, JU Xiao-tang2*

(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 2CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 3InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,ChineseAcademyofSciencesandMinistryofWaterResources,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China; 4InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)

【Objectives】The impacts of nitrate inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD)on crop yields and residuals of soil nitrate N in field have been less reported under field condition. It is of great importance to research its effects in different nitrogen (N) fertilization modes for high maize yield, low N2O emission and high fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted in the Changwu State Key Agro-Ecological Station from April 2013 to September 2014. Pioneer 335, a high-yield spring maize hybrid, was chosen and planted with half plastic film mulching. The experiment consisted of 4 N fertilization treatments with three replicates: conventional N fertilization rate (Con), optimal N fertilization (Opt), optimal N fertilization plus nitrification inhibitor (Opt+DCD) and control treatment (N0). Soil samples and N2O were gathered at regular intervals, soil mineral N and N2O were analyzed using continuous flow analyzer and gas chromatograph 【Results】The Opt and Opt+DCD treatments can maintained the maize yields, and simultaneously significantly influence the N2O emission and the residuals of nitrate nitrogen. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are significantly decreased by 13.7% and 19.0% in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments, respectively. The nitrogen application modes also affect the time of peak values. The peak values of nitrate nitrogen are appeared in the Con treatment (190.1 mg/kg) firstly, and then the Opt (164.0 mg/kg) and Opt+DCD (132.9 mg/kg). The N2O emission is significantly decreased in the Opt treatment (29.4%), whereas further decreased (28.1%) in the Opt+DCD treatment. The nitrate concentration is fluctuated with precipitation during rainy season. The peak value of ammonium nitrogen is increased in the Opt+DCD treatment, although it is decreased in the Opt treatment. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen at the depth of 0-100 cm and 100-200 cm of four nitrogen application modes are in the ranges of 33.5-148.9 kg/hm2and 24.8-92.8 kg/hm2, with mean values of 78.5 mg/kg and 56.4 kg/hm2, respectively. The highest accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in profile (0-200 cm) is in the Con treatment (225.9 kg/hm2), and about 48.0%-59.0% and 29.4%-57.5% of the accumulation are decreased in the Opt and Opt+DCD treatments compare to that in the Con treatment, respectively. The residuals of nitrate nitrogen between Opt and Opt+DCD have not significant difference. 【Conclusions】Different N fertilization modes have significant impact on maize yields, dynamics of soil mineral N and N2O emissions and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer-nitrogen. However, with the N application rate reduced by 20%, the treatments of Opt and Opt+DCD not only maintain the maize yields, but also further decrease the residuals of nitrate nitrogen in soil profile and emissions of greenhouse gas from agricultural sources. Therefore, DCD addition is a kind of scientific and effective fertilization management mode in rain-fed agricultural region of Loess Plateau.