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英汉翻译中的词性转换

2016-08-23尹春晨

考试周刊 2016年57期
关键词:英汉翻译

尹春晨

摘 要: 英汉造句方式上的差异必然导致词类使用频率的不同,主要体现为连接手段的区别和词性的不同。英语多使用介词、代词、连接词等连接句子,而汉语则更多依靠词序、逻辑顺序连接句子。英语多用名词和介词等表达,汉语则多用动词等表达,因此在翻译中必须做大量的词性转换工作。

关键词: 词性转换 英汉翻译 连接手段

英汉造句方式上的差异必然导致词类使用频率的不同。虽然形合句和意合句并存于英汉两种语言之中,但所占的比重相差悬殊。具体地说,英语强调形式上的严整,词与词、小句与小句之间的关系往往都借助于语言形式加以表达。英语句子中连接手段不仅形式多样,种类繁多,而且使用频率颇高。英语的连接手段包括使用关系词、连接词、介词、代词,以及有关的形态变化形式等。相形之下,汉语的形式连接手段明显要少,汉语既没有词形变化,又没有英语中频繁使用的关系词,连接词、介词、连词等虚词不仅数量较少,而且使用得远不如英语中的类似词那样普遍,汉语更多地依靠词序注重逻辑顺序,强调意义连贯。

英汉语的一个显著差别就是英语句子中,名词与介词占优势;汉语句子中,动词占优势。

英语句子中的谓语动词受动词形态变化的约束,句子中只能有一个谓语动词,它是英语句子的轴心和核心,然后要借用名词表达,而名词和名词之间的联系却要借助介词串通,所以英语句子名词和介词占优势。要理解和掌握英语,只要抓住谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。在翻译时,对介词要特别注意。因为英语句子的扩展、准确意义的表达,往往是通过介词实现的。例如:

Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.

(农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。)

此句只有一个谓语动词,却有八个名词、六个介词或连词,译成中文时,却用了三个谓语动词。

一、名词和动词的相互转化

汉语动词没有什么形态变化,使用方便,且重于动态描写,所以汉语动词用得多,而且动词连用在汉语中比比皆是。汉语在表达一些复杂的思想时往往借助动词,按时间顺序、逻辑顺序,逐步交代,层层铺开,给人以舒缓明快的感觉。因此,英译汉时,很多英语名词需要按照汉语的表达习惯转换成汉语动词。例如:

The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

(医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。)

Repeated changes in flow direction ensure even diffusion over the entire exit area.

(反复改变流动方向,可确保在整个出口域内扩散均匀。)

有时候,英语名词往往由动词衍生而成或含有动作意味的名词充当。例如:

Yet close analysis of such people often reveals the existence of what might be called “stability zones” in their lives.

(然而进一步分析这些人后常常发现他们生活中存在着一种或许可以称之为“文档区域”的东西。)

The way he distributes his time and emotional energies is a direct clue to his value system and his personality.

(时间和情感的分配方式直接反映他的性格和价值体系。)

There have been poverty,pestilence,and famine,which were due to mans inadequate mastery of nature.There have been wars,oppressions and tortures which have been due to mens hostility to their fellow men.

(由于人类未能充分掌控自然,贫困、瘟疫和饥荒长期存在。由于人类敌视自己的同类,战争、压迫和苦难一直不断。)

Im not much of a singer.

(我唱歌不太行。)

She is a lover of Chinese food.

(她很喜欢吃中国菜。)

One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.

(大学生活沉闷无趣的主要原因之一是因为大学生认为自己受制于经济方面的需求。)

The sight and sound of so many cute babies reminded her of her own two-year-old.

(看到这么多可爱的宝宝,听到他们的声音,她不由想起了自己两岁的孩子。)

She was busy burping the baby after its feed.

(喂奶后她轻拍婴儿使之打嗝。)

需要注意的是,如果名词表示职业或身份,汉译时一般仍译作名词。例如:

Lovers do not want to be disturbed.

(情侣不想被打扰。)

The prisoner refused to eat and drink.

(囚犯绝食了。)

She is a famous singer.

(她是著名的歌唱家。)

二、介词和动词的转化

英语中的很多介词有很强的动作感。虽然理论上属于虚词,但在实践中常常可以表示动作行为的进展状态和程度,发挥动词的作用。例如:

In Italy and Great Britain,they have passed a ban against all cigarette advertisements on TV.

(意大利和英国通过了禁令,不准在电视上做香烟广告。)

Each year dogs are sent out into the snow whenever a traveler is in difficulty.

(每年都要派狗到雪地里去帮助遇到困难的旅游者。)

The cat is lying in the sun.

(猫咪躺在地上晒太阳。)

We drove home a bit after midnight,over the river and through the old sleeping town.

(时过午夜,我们驱车回家。先过了河,又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老城市。)

Every day he drives her to and from work.

(他每天开车接送她上下班。)

He got on the motorbike and roared off into the night.

(他跨上摩托车,加大油门,驶入夜色中。)

The two old women were chatting over the garden fence.

(两个老太太隔着篱笆墙拉起了家常。)

She went to Yifu Building for a lecture.

(她去逸夫楼听讲座。)

三、英语形容词的转化(转化成名词,动词,副词等)

All the wounded were sent to the hospital right away.

(全体伤员立即送到医院去了。)

“Yes,”he said with a slow nod.

(他慢条斯理地点了一下头说,“是的”。)

I am not ashamed to confess I am ignorant of what I do not know.

(我不知道的,就承认自己不知道,我并不觉得丢脸。)

四、英语动词的转化(转化成名词)

What characterizes almost all Hollywood films is an inner emptiness.

(几乎所有好莱坞电影都有一个特点,就是内容空洞。)

She felt that he seemed to personify the evil that was in the world.

(她觉得他似乎是世上一切邪恶的化身。)

五、英语名词的转化(转化成形容词)

She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library.

(她立刻把他们领出拥挤的客厅,带进了没人注意的图书馆。)

The conference was a success.

(会议很成功。)

六、英语副词的转化(转化成名词和形容词)

He is physically strong but mentally retarded.

(他身体强壮,但智力却有缺陷。)

After a busy and productive day,he felt deliciously tired.

(忙了一天,做了不少事,他虽然觉得累,但心里美滋滋的。)

七、其他词性转换情况

According to the Bible,the poor suffer in this world but are rewarded in the next.

(圣经里说,穷人在现世受苦,来世却能得到回报。)

It is obvious that he is emotionally disturbed.

(很明显,他的情绪受到了影响。)

He objected that the plan is not practical.

(他反对的理由是:这个计划不现实。)

He enjoys his conversation with her and the sweetly pensive look on her face.

(他喜欢和她交谈,喜欢看她既甜美,又若有所思的表情。)

To test the maids honesty,he deliberately left $ 50 under the sofa.

(他故意在沙发下丢了50英镑钱,想看看保姆是否诚实。)

He was sure that he had done the right thing.

(他确信自己做得对。)

当然,除了以上列举的,还有一些其他英汉汉英词性的相互转化情况,但出现的频率小一些,需要我们在平时翻译时小心注意,不可犯错。

参考文献:

[1]Catford,A Linguistic Theory of Translation.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1965.

[2]Leonardi,V.Equivalence in Translation:Between Myth and Reality http://accurapoid.com/journal/14equiv.htm.

[3]Newmark,P.A Textbook of Translation.上海外语教育出版社,2001.

[4]Nida&Taber,The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden:Brill,1969.

[5]Wechsler,Robert.Performing Without a Stage:The Art of Literary Translation.North Haven,CT:Catbird Press,1998.

[6]但汉源.英汉翻译理论与技巧.长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1999.

[7]何刚强.英汉口笔译技艺.上海:复旦大学出版社,2003.

[8]孙致礼.新编英汉翻译教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.

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