改良皮下组织蒂推进瓣修复面中部皮肤缺损
2016-07-18孙梦妍王宇翀王欣玮薛春雨
孙梦妍, 朱 吉, 吕 川, 王宇翀, 武 恺, 王欣玮, 薛春雨
改良皮下组织蒂推进瓣修复面中部皮肤缺损
孙梦妍, 朱 吉, 吕 川, 王宇翀, 武 恺, 王欣玮, 薛春雨
目的 探讨皮下组织蒂推进瓣修复面中部巨大皮肤缺损的优势及改良方法。方法 自2011年1月至2015年7月,对17例面中部鳞癌切除术后继发创面行改良皮下组织蒂推进皮瓣修复,缺损面积1.5 cm×2.1 cm~3.0 cm×3.5 cm。恶性肿瘤扩大切除后经术中病理检查确认无肿瘤细胞残留,于继发创面旁设计皮下组织蒂推进皮瓣,皮瓣设计时,两臂长度为1.3∶1.0~1.5∶1.0,顺皮纹呈弧形,皮瓣尾部角度约30°,皮瓣推进后,将皮瓣顶端皮下组织与创面对侧基底作锚着缝合。结果 共修复17例面中部皮肤缺损,皮瓣均存活,随访3个月至3年,切口瘢痕不明显,面部表情自然,未见肿瘤复发。结论 改良设计的皮下组织蒂推进瓣修复面中部巨大皮肤缺损,能达到理想的功能与外形效果。
皮下组织蒂; 推进皮瓣; 巨大创面; 鳞癌
面部皮肤恶性肿瘤切除是造成面中部巨大皮肤缺损较常见的原因。皮肤鳞状细胞癌在确诊时皮肤损伤常达到1.0 cm以上,扩大切除后遗留创面较大、皮肤相对紧张,而面中部缺损常毗邻口、眼、鼻,对功能及美观要求更高,故发生于面中部皮肤鳞癌切除后的创面修复是整形外科常见的难题之一。目前较常用的修复方法为局部皮瓣转移修复术。自2011年1月至2015年7月,第二军医大学附属长海医院整形外科对17例面中部皮肤鳞状细胞癌行扩大切除术的患者采用改良的皮下组织蒂推进皮瓣修复术后缺损,取得了满意的效果。现报道如下。
1 临床资料
本组患者共17例。男性9例,女性8例;年龄62~86岁,中位年龄70.6岁。患者面中部的皮肤缺损术前病理均诊断为鳞状细胞癌,其中2例为复发性鳞状细胞癌。术后面中部继发性缺损创面大小为1.5 cm×2.1 cm~3.0 cm×3.5 cm。设计皮瓣大小为2.0 cm×3.0 cm~3.0 cm×6.0 cm。
2 手术方法
沿肿瘤缘外0.5 cm标记手术切口线,局部浸润麻醉后,沿切口设计线切开皮肤和皮下组织,具体深度根据肉眼观察肿瘤浸润深度切取。完整切除皮损及周边相应组织,送病理检查,确定切缘及基底无肿瘤细胞残留。皮瓣的大小取决于创面大小、皮肤弹性以及供区松弛度。长轴顺皮纹,长度为缺损的2~4倍,皮肤弹性佳者可适当缩短;宽度约等于或略小于缺损。若同时涉及鼻部皮肤缺损,切口线应尽量放在鼻亚单位的两侧或沿自然轮廓线及褶皱线,以不致对鼻的外形轮廓有较明显的影响,并可最大程度地隐藏切口线[1]。切开深度根据缺损深度而定,或根据需要修薄。蒂部为皮下组织,可位于皮瓣中部至尾部,或在长轴两侧形成双侧蒂,也可仅保留单侧蒂,实践中单侧蒂较常用,可增加皮瓣灵活度,皮瓣血运亦良好。根据经验,需保留皮瓣面积1/4以上的蒂部以保证血运良好。老年人软组织弹性差易撕裂,蒂部面积应更大。边分离边观察皮瓣远端血供,分离后推进覆盖创面,于张力最大处锚着缝合观察效果,需要时行适当调整。根据需要可将创面边缘皮下组织适当潜行分离,以减轻缝合张力。以上均使用美容线或普理灵线行皮下、皮肤分层缝合,皮瓣尾部置引流条1根。
修复面中部巨大皮肤缺损(>20 mm)时[2],若按传统方法设计将导致皮瓣过长,横跨整个一侧面部,因而我们改良了这一传统设计。新增的设计要点分为两部分,第1部分:将皮瓣简化为三角形,缺损缘为三角形的底边,三角形的最长边为皮瓣的长度,并假设缺损面积与皮瓣面积之比为“修复效率”。相同条件下,皮瓣长度越长则面积越大,修复缺损越容易,但修复效率越低。在皮瓣长度大致相同的前提下,我们将皮瓣设计成两臂不等长的非等腰三角形,可显著缩小皮瓣面积及横跨面部的距离,提高了修复效率(图1a)。其次,在皮瓣尾部至缺损的垂直距离大致相同的前提下,设计成非等腰三角形可延长皮瓣长度,缩小皮瓣尾部角度,推进后易于直接缝合,利于修复面平整(图1b)。我们发现,设计两臂长之比在1.3∶1.0~1.5∶1.0,并使皮瓣尾部的角度保持约30°,修复效果最佳。我们仅保留皮瓣小弯侧的皮下组织形成单侧蒂以获得较大的推进距离,同时实现适度旋转,此时旋转路径与两臂曲度吻合。第2部分:皮瓣两条边大多凹面一致,故这两条切口线可同时与面部Langer′s皮纹或皱纹的走向及凹面方向发生最大程度吻合,实现真正的“顺皮纹”(图2)。在跨美学分区的面中部巨大缺损的修复中,除了上述设计要点,我们还遵循了“同物相济”的分区修复原则。鼻分区的缺损由额鼻皮瓣修复,剩余缺损仍由上述改良的V-Y推进瓣修复。
3 结果
1例患者术后皮瓣远端静脉回流不畅发生淤血,予以5 ml注射器均匀扎孔适量以促进淤血渗出,辅以肝素钠溶液湿敷,24 h后皮瓣恢复良好色泽,之后完全存活。其余16例患者术后均未发生皮瓣血管危象,皮瓣存活良好,未见明显眼、口牵拉畸形。随访3个月至3年,修复组织色泽、质地与周围皮肤匹配,切口红肿、瘢痕均不明显,外观效果满意,表情未受影响,未见肿瘤复发(图3)。
4 讨论
解剖研究发现,面中部区域有多条知名血管供应,如面动脉、面横动脉、眶下动脉和内眦动脉。这些动脉及其分支由面部深层进入浅筋膜形成皮下动脉网,再由皮下动脉网发出更小的分支形成真皮下动脉网,构成所谓的“筛网”状立体结构[3],故蒂部无须解剖血管。除了皮肤及浅筋膜的血供,在缺损较深而所需皮瓣切取层次较深时,推进瓣的浅筋膜层均被离断,此时可以SMAS筋膜为蒂,同样保证丰富的血供[4],但在分离蒂部时应避免损伤面神经分支,尤其在颧大肌深面[5]。
该方法的优点:其他类型皮瓣修复面中部巨大缺损时,均有明显的缺陷,如改良菱形瓣可修复的缺损面积较小;双叶瓣继发创面及切口多,常用于修复鼻尖缺损[6];额鼻皮瓣可应用于面中部的范围十分有限;拱顶石皮瓣动员面积过大,切口过多等。皮下组织蒂推进瓣很大程度避免了上述缺陷,简单易行,皮瓣厚薄可根据缺损深度调整。推进的转移方式让表面皮肤没有旋转和扭曲,因此,转移后术区较为平整也是其显著的优点[7-9]。我们在保留以上传统优点的基础上,改良了皮瓣设计,扩大了皮瓣可修复的缺损面积,提高了修复效率,进一步减轻了瘢痕,降低了供区缝合张力,即更大程度减少了修复后的牵拉畸形和挤压畸形(图4)。该方法的难点:分析本研究的病例,我们总结了该改良推进皮瓣修复面中部巨大缺损的主要难点在于不易还原自然沟槽,缺损包含多个美学亚单位时常难以兼顾。某些情况可通过修剪皮瓣厚度或利用缝合技巧改善[10],大部分的解决方法仍是分区修复[11-13]。鼻软骨一并切除者可获取游离的耳软骨移植于缺损处[14]。然而,该难点并非这种皮瓣所特有,只要选择合适对象,精心设计,准确估计,改良皮下组织蒂推进皮瓣仍具有诸多优势。
图1 改良的皮瓣设计示意(圆形代表缺损,三角形代表皮瓣) a.皮瓣等长情况下,此法可显著减少皮瓣横跨面部的距离、缩小皮瓣面积 b.皮瓣横跨面部距离相近的情况下,此法可缩小皮瓣尾部角度,使继发缺损更易于直接缝合 图2 面部皮纹与皱纹示意 a.Langer′s皮纹的走向及凹面方向 b.皱纹的走向及凹面方向 图3 改良皮下组织蒂推进瓣修复面中部巨大缺损前后对比a.术前 b.缺损位于鼻旁,顺皮纹设计两边不等长皮瓣 c.分离出皮瓣推进覆盖缺损 d.术后3年 图4 传统V-Y推进皮瓣在推进缝合前后毗邻区域简化示意 a.皮瓣推进前区域平整 b.推进缝合后,拉拢缝合导致牵拉变形,同时也因挤压导致局部形成隆起,并出现缺损对侧轮廓外凸改变
Fig 1 Design of modified V-Y advancement flap (the circle: the defect, the triangle: the flap). a. striking decrease of flap′s distance across the face and flap′s area under the same length of the flap. b. decrease of the angle of the flap tail which made the suture easier under the same distance of the flap across the face. Fig 2 Design of Facial Langer′s lines and wrinkles. a. Langer′s lines move towards and concave direction. b. wrinkles move towards and concave direction. Fig 3 Comparison between preview and postview of large midface defects repaired with modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle. a. preview. b. the paranasal defect and design of the flap with two different sides along the skin lines. c. dissection of the V-Y advancement flap to cover the defect. d. posview at 3 years. Fig 4 Diagram of the adjacent region to the V-Y advancement flap before and after the advancement and suture. a. the flat region before the advancement. b.the flat region before the advancement.
结合改良法的设计要点及我们的经验,可得出皮下组织蒂推进皮瓣修复面中部巨大缺损的程式化皮瓣设计方案,首先顺皮纹走向及凹面方向确定皮瓣的切口线走行,其次按照最佳的皮瓣的两臂长度比和尾部角度设计出面积尽可能小的皮瓣推进修复。在修复面中部巨大缺损时,该方法不失为一种有望达到最佳修复效果的选择。
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Repair of midface defects by the modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle
SUNMeng-yan,ZHUJi,LYUChuan,WANGYu-chong,WUKai,WANGXin-wei,XUEChun-yu.
(DepartmentofPlasticSurgery,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China)
XUEChun-yu,Email:xcyfun@sina.com
Objective To study the advantages and improving method of the modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle in the repair of the large defect in the midface. Methods From January 2011 to July 2015, 17 cases with secondary defects after SCC located in paranasal area and midface were repaired by the modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle. The defective area ranged from 1.5 cm×2.1 cm to 3.0 cm×3.5 cm. The tumor cells were negative in all lesions and their margins confirmed with frozen section technique during surgery. The modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle was designed in an arc-shape along skin line with 1.3 ∶1.0~ 1.5∶1.0 two arms and the angle of the flap tail was about 30 degrees. The donor defect was closed by anchoring suture between subcutaneous tissue of the flap top and the contralateral basis of the defect. Results All flaps in the 17 cases with defects ranging from 1.5 cm×2.1 cm to 3.0 cm×3.5 cm survived. After 3 months to 3 years (mean 16 months) follow up, all were satisfied with concealed scars and natural facial expression. No tumor recurred. Conclusion Modified V-Y advancement flap with subcutaneous pedicle is appropriate, with some advantages over other facial flaps for the repair of large midface defects.
Subcutaneous pedicle flap; Advancement flap; Large defect; Squamous cell carcinoma
200433 上海,第二军医大学附属长海医院 整形外科 第一作者:孙梦妍(1989-),女,江苏人,硕士. 通信作者:薛春雨,200433,第二军医大学附属长海医院 整形外科,电子信箱:xcyfun@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2016.03.003
R622.1
A
1673-7040(2016)03-0136-04
2015-11-12)