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莎翁说;这些都是我造的词

2016-07-06

新东方英语 2016年7期
关键词:莎翁罗密欧奥兰多

William Shakespeare wrote a lot of great plays, but he also coined and popularized a lot of words and phrases that we still use to this day.

“Too much of a good thing”

“Why then, can one desire too much of a good thing?

Come, sister, you shall be the priest and marry us.

Give me your hand, Orlando. What do you say, sister?”

How Shakespeare uses it: This phrase may have been a proverb dating to the late 15th century, but Shakespeare was the one who has it immortalized in print. Rosalind1)is pretending to be a man named Ganymede while she is with Orlando, with whom she is in love. Hes also in love with Rosalind—and doesnt know she is Ganymede—and practices how he would woo Rosalind with Ganymede. At one point, Rosalind/Ganymede suggests that they have a pretend wedding, and asks if one can ever have too much of a good thing.

Modern definition: Too much good might backfire2) and be bad.

Source: As You Like It, Act 4, Scene 1

“Wear my heart upon my sleeve”

“For when my outward action doth demonstrate

The native act and figure of my heart

In compliment extern3), tis not long after

But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve

For daws4) to peck at: I am not what I am.”

How Shakespeare uses it: Devious5) Iago6) basically says that if his outward appearance reflected what he was thinking, then his heart would be on his sleeve for birds to peck at—which is not a good idea in his eyes. And so he adds that he is actually not what he appears to be. Notably, Iagos motives for his antagonistic7)behavior are never fully revealed—so it is interesting that he is the character who has immortalized this phrase.

Modern definition: To show ones feelings openly.

Source: Othello, Act 1, Scene 1

“In my heart of heart”

“Give me that man

That is not passions slave, and I will wear him

In my hearts core, ay, in my heart of heart,

As I do thee.”

How Shakespeare uses it: While speaking with Horatio8), Hamlet says this phrase noting that if theres a man who is “not passions slave”—aka9), a master of his emotions—then hell put him close to his heart. Using the language “hearts core” right before suggests that Hamlet means some very deep, central part of his heart/emotions.

Modern definition: Nowadays, we pluralize the second “heart” to say “in my heart of hearts.” The phrase refers to ones inner-most, secret thoughts.

Source: Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 2

“Wild-goose chase10)”

“Nay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I have

done, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one of

thy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five:

was I with you there for the goose?”

How Shakespeare uses it: Mercutio11) says that he cant keep up with Romeos jokes and puns. Romeo tells him to continue, but Mercutio sees the endeavor as a “wild goose chase.” A wild-goose chase was reportedly a real game back in 16th-century England in which “a horseman executed a series of difficult maneuvers which others had to repeat in close succession.”

Modern definition: A senseless—and probably hopeless—pursuit of an object or an end.

Source: Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 4

“Break the ice”

“... And if you break the ice and do this feat,

Achieve the elder, set the younger free

For our access, whose hap12) shall be to have her

Will not so graceless be to be ingrate13).”

How Shakespeare uses it: Tranio14) suggests if Petruchio15) can “break the ice,” then he will be able to woo Katherina. By using the “ice” language, Shakespeare makes Katherina seem as cold as ice. Moreover, the fact that the ice needs to be broken suggests that she is hard to reach.

But the first actual usage of “break the ice” probably comes from Sir Thomas North16)s 1579 translation of Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans—although in this case the phrase meant “to forge a path for others to follow,” alluding to the breaking of ice to allow the navigation of boats.

Modern definition: “Break the ice” still means to get to know someone.

Source: The Taming of the Shrew, Act 1, Scene 2

“A heart of gold”

“The kings a bawcock17), and a heart of gold,

A lad of life, an imp18) of fame;

Of parents good, of fist most valiant ....”

How Shakespeare uses it: King Henry disguises himself as a commoner in the play and asks Pistol19), who is unaware of the disguise, whether he considers himself to be better than the king. Pistol responds with the above quote.

Modern definition: To be extremely kind and helpful.

Source: Henry V, Act 4, Scene 1

“To come full circle20)”

“Thou hast spoken right, tis true;

The wheel has come full circle: I am here.”

How Shakespeare uses it: Edmund21) says the phrase at the end of King Lear, highlighting how he has “completed a cycle” where his diabolical22) actions have come back to haunt him. Shakespeare was also probably referencing Fate—and the “Wheel of Fortune”—from ancient and medieval philosophy, which thus introduced the question of free will23) versus everything being determined by fate.

Modern definition: Completing a cycling, getting back to the beginning.

Source: King Lear, Act 5, Scene 3

“Love is blind”

“... But love is blind and lovers cannot see

The pretty follies that themselves commit ...”

How Shakespeare uses it: Technically, Chaucer24) first wrote the phrase “For loue is blynd alday and may nat see.” But Shakespeare was the one who popularized it. In the scene, Jessica25) has disguised herself as a boy to see her lover, Lorenzo26), but feels quite “ashamed” of her get-up. Still, she comments that love is blind and people are unable to see the shortcomings of their lovers.

Modern definition: The meaning of the phrase is more or less unchanged.

Source: The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, Scene 6

“Send him packing27)”

“Faith, and Ill send him packing.”

How Shakespeare uses it: Falstaff28) says this to dismiss the messenger in Henry IV: Part 1, which is evidently the first use of the phrase.

Modern definition: The meaning is the same today: Its something one says to make someone leave abruptly.

Source: Henry IV: Part 1, Act 2, Scene 4

威廉·莎士比亚不仅写出了许多优秀的戏剧作品,而且还创造并普及了大量的单词短语,这些词汇至今仍为我们所使用。

装扮成男子的罗瑟琳

“好事太多反成坏事”

“那么,有谁会嫌好东西太多呢?

过来,妹妹,你来当牧师,为我们主婚。

给我你的手,奥兰多。

你怎么说,妹妹?”

莎翁用法:该短语最初可能是句谚语,可以追溯到15世纪末,不过,是莎士比亚使其得以变成印刷文字流传下来。罗瑟琳爱上了奥兰多,和奥兰多在一起时,她会装扮成一个名叫盖尼米德的男人。奥兰多也爱上了罗瑟琳,但他不知道她就是盖尼米德,于是他跟盖尼米德一起练习如何追求罗瑟琳。有一次,罗瑟琳(也就是盖尼米德)建议他们举行一场模拟婚礼,然后她问是否有人会嫌好东西太多。

现代意义:好事太多反而适得其反,成了坏事。

源自:《皆大欢喜》第四幕第一场

“把心放在袖头上”

“因为,在表面的恭敬下,

要是我外在的行动确实显露了

我内心原本的活动和想法,

那么,用不了多久

我就要把心放在袖头上

让乌鸦来啄:表面的我并不是真正的我。”

莎翁用法:阴险狡诈的伊阿古大概是说:如果他的外在反映了他内心的想法,那么就等于把他的心放在袖子上让鸟儿来啄——这在他看来不是什么好事。所以他又补充说,他实际上并非是表面上显示出的那种人。值得一提的是,伊阿古做坏事的动机从来没有充分表明过——可正是这样一个角色使得这句话流传千古,想来蛮有意思的。

现代意义:感情外露。

源自:《奥赛罗》第一幕第一场

“内心深处”

“给我一个

不受感情奴役的人,

我将把他藏在心窝里,

藏在我内心深处,

就像我对你一样。”

莎翁用法:哈姆雷特跟霍雷肖说话时用了这个短语,他说假如有一个“不受感情奴役”的人,即能够控制自己情感的人,那么他将把那个人藏在心里。从前面所用的“心窝”一词可以看出,哈姆雷特指的是他内心或情感最深处、最核心的所在。

现代意义:如今,我们常把第二个heart改为复数,变成in my heart of hearts。该短语是指人内心深处的隐秘想法。

源自:《哈姆雷特》第三幕第二场

“追赶野鹅”

“不,如果你的智慧就是追野鹅,

我甘拜下风,

因为你一个智慧里所包含的野鹅,

我敢说,比我所有五个智慧里的都多:

论野鹅我怎能比得上你?”

莎翁用法:墨古修说他跟不上罗密欧的玩笑和双关语。罗密欧让他继续,但墨古修却认为这样的尝试就跟“追赶野鹅”一样徒劳无功。据说,追野鹅是16世纪英国一项真实存在的游戏,在游戏中,“骑手要完成一系列高难度动作,其他人都要一个个紧跟着模仿”。

现代意义:毫无意义——或许也是毫无希望地——追逐一件东西或一个目标。

源自:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》第二幕第四场

“打破坚冰”

“……假如你能打破坚冰,大功告成,

娶走姐姐,为我们迎娶妹妹

铺平道路,无论谁有幸拥有她

都将会对你感激不尽。”

莎翁用法:特拉尼奥说假如彼特鲁乔能够“打破坚冰”,那么彼特鲁乔就能够追求到凯瑟丽娜。通过用“冰”这个词,莎士比亚刻画出了凯瑟丽娜冷若冰霜的一面。而且,这冰还需要打破才行,这表明她难以接近。

但最早使用“打破坚冰”一词的也许是托马斯·诺思爵士于1579年翻译的《希腊罗马名人传》。但在该书中,“打破坚冰”意为“为他人开辟道路”,指的是为使船只航行而进行的破冰。

现代意义:“打破坚冰”的意思仍然是去认识某人。

源自:《驯悍记》第一幕第二场

“金子般的心”

“国王是个大好人,有着一颗金子般的心,

是个充满活力的小伙,一个赫赫有名的顽童;

有优秀的父母,还有最勇敢的拳头……”

莎翁用法:国王亨利在戏中装扮成平民百姓,问毕斯托尔他是不是自以为比国王好。毕斯托尔没有认出亨利就是国王,作了上面引文中的回答。

现代意义:特别善良,乐于助人。

源自:《亨利五世》第四幕第一场

“兜了整整一圈(回到起点)”

“你说得对,一点没错;

命运的车轮兜了整整一圈:我又回到原地。”

莎翁用法:在《李尔王》结尾,埃德蒙用这句话强调他“完成了一个循环”,他的恶行最终让他自食其果。莎士比亚或许也是在引用古代和中世纪哲学中的命运和“命运之轮”,由此引出了自由意志和宿命论的对立问题。

现代意义:完成循环,回到起点。

源自:《李尔王》第五幕第三场

莎士比亚画像

“爱情是盲目的”

“……但爱情是盲目的,情人眼里看不见

他们自己干下的傻事……”

莎翁用法:严格说来,这个短语是乔叟首创的:“因为爱情整天都是盲目的,看不见东西。”但莎士比亚将它变得家喻户晓。在该场景中,杰西卡装扮成一个少年去见情人洛伦佐,但却对自己的装扮感到十分“羞愧”。然而,她认为爱情是盲目的,人们对自己情人的缺点视而不见。

现代意义:该短语的意义基本没有改变。

源自:《威尼斯商人》第二幕第六场

“卷铺盖走人”

“相信我,我马上让他卷铺盖滚蛋!”

莎翁用法:在《亨利四世》上部中,福斯塔夫使用这一短语将信使打发走,显然这是第一次使用该短语。

现代意义:直到今天,该短语的意义仍未改变:用于将某人立刻打发走。

源自:《亨利四世》上部第二幕第四场

这些都是我造的词

莎翁说:

Culture

作为英国文学史上最杰出的戏剧家和文学家,莎士比亚最霸气的一点是:没有合适的词就自己造,造完还能流传千古!时至今日,现代英语中的很多日常表达都出自莎士比亚,这或许也是这位文豪留给这个世界最宝贵的遗赠之一。今年是莎士比亚逝世400周年,下面就请随本文一起看看莎翁都创造了哪些经典的语句。

凯瑟丽娜和彼特鲁乔

文化点滴

New Oriental English .

. New Oriental English

Culture

文化点滴

装扮成男子的罗瑟琳

1. Rosalind:罗瑟琳,《皆大欢喜》中的女主人公之一,与剧中的男主人公奥兰多(Orlando)相恋。

2. backfire [?b?k?fa??(r)] vi. (计划、行动等)产生事与愿违的结果

3. extern [?ekst??(r)n] adj. 〈古〉外面的

4. daw [d??(r)] n. [鸟] 寒鸦

5. devious [?di?vi?s] adj. 阴险的

6. Iago:伊阿古,《奥赛罗》中的反面角色,暗施毒计诱使奥赛罗生出嫉妒和猜疑之心,将无辜的妻子杀死。

7. antagonistic [?n?t?ɡ??n?st?k] adj. 敌对的;有敌意的

8. Horatio:霍雷肖,《哈姆雷特》中哈姆雷特读大学时的好友

9. aka [?e?ke?'e?] abbr. also know as的缩写,意为“又名,亦称”。

10. wild-goose chase:(因为得到错误的消息而)浪费时间从事徒劳无益的追求

11. Mercutio:墨古修,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中罗密欧的好友

12. hap [h?p] n. 〈古〉运气

13. ingrate [??nɡre?t] adj. 忘恩负义的

14. Tranio:特拉尼奥,《驯悍记》中的一个仆人

15. Petruchio:彼特鲁乔,《驯悍记》男主人公,试图将剧中骄横的富家女凯瑟丽娜(Katherina)改造成温柔、贤惠的妻子。

16. Sir Thomas North:托马斯·诺思爵士(1535~1604),英国翻译家,以翻译罗马传记文学家普鲁塔克(Plutarch, 46~120 A.D.)的《希腊罗马名人传》(Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans)闻名。莎士比亚的一些历史剧直接取材于该英译本。

17. bawcock [?b??k?k] n. 好人

18. imp [?mp] n. 顽童;小淘气

19. Pistol:毕斯托尔,《亨利五世》中一位性格懦弱却很爱吹牛的士兵

20. come full circle:兜了个圈子仍回原处

21. Edmund:埃德蒙,《李尔王》中格洛斯特爵士的私生子,他用计让父亲赶走了自己同父异母的兄弟埃德加。

22. diabolical [?da???b?l?k(?)l] adj. 恶劣的

23. free will:自由意志,哲学概念,即人们在理智、不受限制的基础上对事物进行选择或在一定情况下从事活动的能力。

24. Chaucer:乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1340?~1400),英国文学之父,中世纪最伟大的英国诗人,代表作为《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)。

25. Jessica:杰西卡,《威尼斯商人》中犹太富翁夏洛克的女儿

26. Lorenzo:洛伦佐,《威尼斯商人》中威尼斯商人安东尼奥的好友,后娶杰西卡为妻。

27. send sb. packing:叫某人卷铺盖

28. Falstaff:福斯塔夫,莎士比亚笔下脍炙人口的喜剧人物,外形肥胖,生性贪婪怯懦,喜发豪言或作机智妙语,先后出现于《亨利四世》(上、下部)(Henry IV, Part 1 & Part 2)和《温莎的风流娘儿们》(The Merry Wives of Windsor)。

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