不同剂量地佐辛对小儿七氟醚复合麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响
2016-06-14章艳君刘金柱
章艳君,李 榕,刘金柱
(天津市儿童医院麻醉科 300700)
论著·临床研究
不同剂量地佐辛对小儿七氟醚复合麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响
章艳君,李榕,刘金柱
(天津市儿童医院麻醉科300700)
[摘要]目的评价不同剂量地佐辛对小儿七氟醚复合麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法择期行短小手术的患儿100例,年龄1~3岁,随机分为地佐辛0.03 mg/kg组(D1组)、0.05 mg/kg组(D2组)、0.10 mg/kg组(D3组)和对照组,每组25例。患儿面罩吸入6%的七氟醚,睫毛反射消失后静脉给予瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg置入喉罩,术中吸入1.5%~2.5%七氟醚,并持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。在手术开始前D1组、D2组、D3组分别给予地佐辛0.03、0.05和0.10 mg/kg,对照组给予等容量生理盐水。记录拔除喉罩时间、麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留时间;PACU期间躁动发生情况,采用患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表(PAED)评价躁动程度。患儿入PACU即刻(T0)及15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)行FLACC评分和Ramsey评分。记录术后24 h患儿不良反应的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,D2组和D3组躁动发生率、PAED评分均明显降低(P<0.05);D2组和D3组各时点FLACC评分均明显降低(P<0.05),Ramsey评分均明显升高(P<0.05)。与D2组比较,D3组Ramsey评分明显升高(P<0.05)。D3组PACU停留时间较其他3组均明显延长(P<0.05)。结论0.05 mg/kg及0.10 mg/kg地佐辛都可以有效减少小儿七氟醚复合麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生,但0.05 mg/kg地佐辛可减少七氟醚麻醉后苏醒期躁动且镇静强度适当,不延长PACU停留时间。
[关键词]地佐辛;七氟醚;麻醉恢复期;情绪障碍;儿童
苏醒期躁动是小儿七氟醚麻醉非常常见的一个术后问题。尽管这种苏醒期躁动是自限性的,但是其危害性较大,躁动过度甚至会对患儿的生理和心理造成继发性伤害[1]。其机制目前还不明确,有研究发现小儿使用镇静类药物、α2受体激动剂或阿片类药物均可在一定程度上减少小儿术后躁动的发生[2-5]。地佐辛是混合型阿片受体激动拮抗剂,具有较强的镇痛效应和一定的镇静作用,目前关于地佐辛降低小儿七氟醚麻醉引起的苏醒期躁动的文献报道很少。本研究旨在观察不同剂量地佐辛对小儿七氟醚复合麻醉恢复期躁动的影响,以探讨地佐辛的最佳给药剂量。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料本研究已获医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试患儿家长及法定监护人均签署知情同意书。择期行短小手术(如疝囊高位结扎或疝修补术、鞘状突高位结扎术)的患儿100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ级,年龄1~3岁,体质量11~18 kg。排除标准:有神经、精神系统疾病病史;术前24 h内应用镇静或镇痛药物;有恶性高热家族史。本研究采用前瞻性、随机、对照、双盲研究,按照随机数字表法将患儿分为地佐辛0.03 mg/kg组(D1组)、0.05 mg/kg组(D2组)、0.10 mg/kg组(D3组)和对照组,每组25例。
1.2方法患儿入手术室后静脉给予阿托品0.01 mg/kg,常规监测心电图(ECG)、血压(BP)和血氧饱和度(SpO2)。面罩吸入100%的氧气3 min,使SpO2≥99%,然后吸入6%的七氟醚(批号1X12,Maruishi Pharmaceutical 公司,日本),睫毛反射消失后静脉缓慢推注瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg,当挤压斜方肌无反应后插入合适大小的喉罩,喉罩气囊充气并检查有无口腔漏气和气道梗阻,连接麻醉机行呼吸控制,潮气量(VT)8~10 mL/kg,呼吸频率(RR)20~25次/min,吸呼比1∶2,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)30~40 mm Hg。术中吸入1.5%~2.5%七氟醚,并持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.1~1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉。手术结束后停止七氟醚吸入和瑞芬太尼输注,将氧流量调至6 L/min,新鲜气流快速冲洗麻醉管路,手控通气清除残余七氟醚,待患儿自主呼吸平稳SpO2>95%、PETCO2<50 mm Hg拔除喉罩送至麻醉恢复室(PACU)。D1组、D2组和对照组在手术开始前由专门人员分别从静脉通路给予地佐辛(批号12060421)0.03、0.05、0.10 mg/kg和等容量生理盐水。
1.3监测指标记录手术时间、麻醉时间、拔除喉罩时间(术毕停药到拔除喉罩的时间)和患儿在PACU停留时间。PACU期间参照文献[6]采用的方法进行躁动评分(1分,入睡;2分,清醒、安静;3分,急躁、哭闹;4分,无法安抚的哭闹;5分,惊恐不安、谵妄),若患儿躁动评分大于或等于4分为发生躁动,记录术后躁动发生情况。采用患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表(PAED)对躁动程度进行评估[7]:(1)患儿的眼睛注视护理人员;(2)患儿的行动带有目的性;(3)患儿能知道自己所处的环境;(4)患儿不安宁;(5)患儿无法被安抚。第1、2和3项评分为4~0分,4=没有;3=较少;2=较多;1=非常多;0=一直是;第4、5项评分为0~4分,0=没有;1=较少;2=较多;3=非常多;4=一直是。各项评分总和为PAED评分,分数越高苏醒期躁动的程度越重。患儿入PACU即刻(T0)及15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)时采用FLACC(表1)疼痛评分表评价疼痛程度,0分为无痛,10分为最痛。采用Ramsey镇静评分表对镇静程度进行评分。1分:患儿焦虑、躁动不安;2分:患儿配合,有定向力,安静;3分:患儿对指令有反应;4分:嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应敏捷;5分:嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应迟钝;6分:嗜睡,无任何反应。待患儿改良Aldrete麻醉恢复评分(表2)为9~10分后转至普通病房。术后24 h随访,记录恶心呕吐、头晕头痛、心悸、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况。
2结果
4组患儿性别构成、年龄、体质量、手术时间和麻醉时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。与对照组比较,D2组和D3组躁动发生率、PAED评分均明显降低(P<0.05),D2组与D3组躁动发生率及PAED评分无统计学差异(P>0.05);D1组、D2组和对照组患儿拔除喉罩时间及PACU停留时间相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),D3组PACU停留时间较其他3组均延长(P<0.05),见表4。与对照组比较,D2组、D3组各时点FLACC评分明显降低(P<0.05);D2组与D3组比较,FLACC评分无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表5。与对照组比较,D2组和D3组各时点Ramsey评分均明显升高(P<0.05);与D2组比较,D3组各时点Ramsey评分明显升高(P<0.05),见表5。术后24 h随访,4组患儿均无明显不良反应发生。
表1 FLACC疼痛评分标准
表2 Aldrete改良评分标准
表3 4组患儿一般情况和术中情况比较±s,n=25)
表4 4组患儿拔除喉罩时间、PACU停留时间和躁动发生情况的比较
a:P<0.05,与对照组比较;b:P<0.05,与D1组比较;c:P<0.05,与D2组比较。
表5 4组患儿术后各时点FLACC评分和Ramsey评分比较,分)
a:P<0.05,与对照组比较;b:P<0.05,与D1组比较;c:P<0.05,与D2组比较。
3讨论
七氟醚由于血气分配系数低、诱导苏醒快、过程平稳,无呼吸道刺激,易于被患儿接受,对呼吸循环系统影响小,因而广泛应用于小儿全身麻醉。但临床观察发现小儿七氟醚麻醉易发生苏醒期躁动,且发生率较高[8-9],其发生与疼痛、苏醒时间、环境、年龄、手术类别、药物影响等多种因素有关[10-12]。本研究4组患儿均为择期行短小手术的患儿;且患儿年龄均在1~3岁,可排除年龄及手术类别对于各组间麻醉恢复期躁动发生的影响。成人术中单次静脉注射地佐辛用于预防全身麻醉苏醒期不良反应的常用剂量为0.10 mg/kg[13-14],目前,还没有文献报道地佐辛用于预防小儿全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的最佳有效剂量,因此本研究选择0.03 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg和 0.10 mg/kg 3个不同剂量观察地佐辛用于预防小儿七氟醚麻醉术后躁动的最佳剂量。
本研究结果显示,术前给予0.05 mg/kg及0.10 mg/kg剂量的地佐辛,两组患儿的FLACC评分均降低,Ramsey评分升高,提示0.05 mg/kg及0.10 mg/kg剂量的地佐辛都可以提供良好的术后镇痛和镇静效果;本研究结果同时显示两组患儿麻醉恢复期躁动发生率及躁动程度均明显降低,提示良好的术后镇痛和镇静有助于降低麻醉恢复期躁动的发生,与之前的研究结果一致[15-17]。而术前给予0.03 mg/kg地佐辛则不能提供有效的术后镇痛和镇静,对于减少小儿苏醒期躁动的发生没有明显的作用。相对于0.05 mg/kg地佐辛组的患儿,0.10 mg/kg地佐辛组患儿术后镇静程度增强,嗜睡情况增加,同时PACU停留时间延长,提示术中给予0.05 mg/kg地佐辛对于预防患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的效果更佳。
综上所述,0.05 mg/kg及0.10 mg/kg地佐辛都可以有效减少小儿七氟醚复合麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生,但0.05 mg/kg地佐辛可减少七氟醚麻醉后苏醒期躁动且镇静强度适当,不延长PACU停留时间。
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The effect of various doses of dezocine on children emergence agitation after combined sevoflurane general anesthesia
ZhangYanjun,LiRong,LiuJinzhu
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,Children′sHospitalofTianjincity,Tianjin300700,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of various doses of dezocine on the prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children.Methods100 children aged from 1 to 3 years old were randomly divided into 4 groups with 25 cases each:the 0.03 mg/kg dezocine group (group D1),the 0.05 mg/kg dezocine group (group D2),the 0.10 mg/kg dezocine group (group D3) and the control group.Anaesthesia was induced with 6% sevoflurane and 1 μg/kg remifentanil.Anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5%-2.5% sevoflurane and remifentanil.Different doses of dezocine 0.03 mg/kg,0.05 mg/kg,0.10 mg/kg,and the same volume saline were administered before surgery.The incidence of emergence agitation was assessed with 5 points scale and the severity of emergence agitation was assessed with Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale.The time to remove the laryngeal mask airway,the time to be discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU),FLACC and Ramsey scores,postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded and considered.ResultsCompared with the control group,the incidence of emergence agitation and PAED scales of D2 and D3 group were significantly lower than it(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,FLACC scores of D2 and D3 group were lower than it(P<0.05).At the same time,Ramsey scores of D2 and D3 were higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Moreover,Ramsey score of D3 was higher than D2(P<0.05).The time span of being discharged from the PACU of D3 was significantly longer than that of the other groups(P<0.05).ConclusionDezocine of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg both can reduce the incidence of emergence agitation effectively,and there is no significant difference between the effect of the two doses.However,the dose of 0.05 mg/kg has a better performance in the time span for being discharged from the PACU.
[Key words]dezocine;sevoflurane;anesthesia recovery period;mood disorders;child
作者简介:章艳君(1980-),主治医师,硕士,主要从事小儿临床麻醉研究。
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.01.025
[中图分类号]R614.2
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1671-8348(2016)01-0074-03
(收稿日期:2015-08-18修回日期:2015-09-24)