“起承转合”思想在七选五阅读中的应用

吴荣华

起承转合既是汉语的一种篇章结构，也是英语的语篇模式之一，体现了人们对文章内容和形式和谐统一的追求。“起” 是开端，或开门见山提出主题，或吸引读者注意引出主题，起到领起全篇的作用。“承”是承接上文加以阐述。“转”指转折，说到事情的对立面。“合”是归结全文。这种“起承转合”思想在高考阅读填空题中的渗透十分常见。

一、真题解析

1.（2016全国Ⅱ卷）

A garden thats just right for you

Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you， where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum（总和）of its parts？ 36 . But it doesnt happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.

B. Find a good place for your own garden

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden， too

解题指导：此段有四句话，第一句是起始句，开门见山提出问题：“你是否参观过那些让你感觉非常好的花园？”第二句是承接句，应选F项，“你也可以搞一个属于你自己的花园”。第三句是转折句，“但这并非偶然发生的”。第四句是合并句，归结上文并引出自己建设花园的两个具体建议。

2.（2015全国Ⅰ卷）

Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 That is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately， weve all been victims of betrayal. Whether weve been suffer from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust any more， 37 Its understandable， but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.

B. It is putting confidence in someone.

E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.

解题指导：首段有四句话，第一句是起始句：信任是我们从以往经历中获得的习得性行为。第二、三、四句构成承接句，36题应选B项。It指代上文出现的trust，继续解释trust的含义（它是对某人寄托信任），指出trust的重要性（在人际关系中如果缺乏信任就不能成功）。

第二段第一句是由Unfortunately引出的转折句：不幸的是，我们曾经都是背叛的受害者。有时候人们就是不能再信任别人。其原因是：他们曾经受过严重伤害，不能容忍这种事情再次发生，故37题选E。最后一句是合并句，归结上文并引出下文再次建立信任的两个方法。

3. （2016广州二模）

Alone But Not Lonely

In todays fast-paced society， weve become uncomfortable with silence. We try to find different types of activities that can help us escape feelings of laziness or boredom. 36 Solitude（独处） does not have to be uncomfortable or lonely. In fact， solitude and loneliness are very different things.

C. The problem of loneliness can be easily solved in a modern world.

D. But， when doing so， the main thing we are trying to avoid is loneliness.

解题指导：本文首段有五句话。第一句是起始句，提出主题：在今天快节奏的社会里，我们对沉默感到不舒服。第二句承接句：我们试图找到不同类型的活动来帮助我们逃避懒惰和无聊的感觉。第三句是转折句，36题应选D项：但是，这么做，我们试图逃避的主要问题是孤独。第四、五两句是合并句：独处和孤独是两码事。

4. （2014全国Ⅰ卷）

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented.

36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

F. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

解题指导：在有些语篇中，也会出现“起承转合”的变式：“起承合”或“起转合”。如本题中就是“起承合”模式。故36题应选F项。

二、即时练习

1.（2016全国Ⅲ卷）

Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 36 But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year， but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying， storing， and cooking fish isnt difficult. 37 This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

F. When buying fish， you should first smell it.

G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

2.（2016北京卷）

The Science of Risk-Seeking

Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward， the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why？ Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

D. Thus， these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.

F. However， we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

3.（2016四川卷）

Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 36 In general， they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason for this is biological.

A. However， women， on average， live longer.

F. Therefore， women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.

G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious body functions.

4.（2016深圳一模）

Researchers have shown that your talent for happiness is， to a large degree， determined by your genes（基因）. 36 We can do this by overcoming negative emotions and developing positive emotions.

C. Yet， psychologists believe we can pursue happiness.

D. To get more out of life， we need to put more into it.

E. Happiness is decided by a good many aspects.

答案：1. GD 2. F 3. A 4. C

责任编辑 蒋小青