非谓语动词阅卷剖析
2016-05-30王锋
王锋
高考对非谓语动词的考查主要体现在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中,侧重考查同学们是否掌握了非谓语动词的基本用法、句法功能和不同的形式表达的含义等。本文旨在分析阅卷中发现的同学们常见的非谓语动词的易错点,以期对同学们的复习有所帮助。
[非谓语动词作主语(动名词与不定式混淆)]
例1 ______ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affections and emotions.
解析 Understanding。设空处应为句子的主语,逻辑主语与understand之间为主动关系,故用动名词作主语。
例2 It took years of work 65 (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析 to reduce。it takes/took ... to do something. “做某事花费……”是固定句式。句中的it是形式主语,动词不定式是真正的主语,故填to reduce。
错因分析 对例1同学们可能由于句子主语较长而不知此处应该用动名词作主语,或者没注意到as ... as后的learning而错填to understand;例2易错在未能看到it作形式主语。
[非谓语动词作宾语(动名词与不定式混淆)]
例3 My ambassadorial duties will include 67, (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析 introducing。考查动名词作宾语。动词include缺少宾语,应用所给词的动名词形式作宾语。
例4 We can chose (choose) between staying at home and take a trip.
解析 take→taking。因为and连接两个并列成分,且介词后接动名词形式作宾语,所以take改为taking。
例5 Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop _____ (buy) the groceries if I found out?
解析 buying。考查动名词作动词stop的宾语。stop doing something意为:停止做某事,故用buying。
例6 (2016·浙江卷) I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _____ (work) with students.
解析 working。句中的do指代前面的have fun,have fun doing something“做某事很开心”,固定搭配,故填working。
错因分析 例3空前是接动名词作宾语的动词;例4同学们易错在没有识别介词between;例5同学们易混淆不定式和动名词作宾语的意义区别;例6同学们可能不知道do指代have fun而填上to work。
[非谓语动词作表语(两种分词混淆)]
例7 Mom was grateful and moving.
解析 moving→moved。这个句子的意思是“母亲既感激又感动”。moved修饰人,moving修饰物,根据主语Mom是指人的名词,这里应该用moved作表语。
例8 It was both excited and frightening to be up there!
解析 excited→exciting。根据语境和主语为it可知,此处表示“令人激动的”,根据并列连词可知此处应用现在分词而不用过去介词。
例9 Do you find yourself getting impatient or (38) _____ (annoy) with people over unimportant things?
解析 annoyed。考查过去分词作表语。根据语境和并列连词or可知,此处为get annoyed,修饰人。
错因分析 例7、8同学们可能不能识别错误所在而不能正确改正;例9同学们可能因为对动词的现在分词、过去分词的用法和意义理解不清而出错。
点拨 现在分词作表语,意为“令人……的”,多指被修饰的对象给人的感觉; 过去分词作表语,意为“感到……的”,多修饰人,指被修饰的本身的感觉。某些特定的词如hope, goal, dream, plan等作主语时,通常用不定式作表语说明主语的内容。
[非谓语动词作定语(分词与不定式混淆)]
例10 I was the first Western TV reporter 66, (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 permitted。此处考查过去分词作reporter的后置定语。permit与reporter存在逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词形式。
例11 For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something 64 (eat)!
解析 to eat。此处考查动词不定式作something 的后置定语。
错因分析 例10同学们易根据the first to do sth.而填to be permitted;例11可能根据something和eat之间的被动关系而填to be eaten。
[非谓语动词作状语(分词与不定式混淆)]
例12 Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.
解析 to create。考查动词不定式作状语。句中已有谓语动词combine,设空处不定式在句中作目的状语。
例13 ________ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
解析 Ordered。过去分词作状语,order与逻辑主语the books之间为被动关系,且动作已经完成,故用过去分词。
例14 _______ (wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.
解析 Wondering。考查现在分词作状语。wonder与主语I是逻辑上的主动关系,故答案为wondering。
例15 Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _____ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
解析 turning。设空处在句中作结果状语,其逻辑主语应是逗号前的整句话,两者之间是主动关系,故用现在分词。
错因分析 例13同学们可能因分不清句子成分而误填create的谓语动词形式;例14,15同学们可能误填不定式作目的状语;例17同学们易误填不定式或turn的谓语动词形式。
[非谓语动词作补足语(分词与不定式混淆)]
例16 Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it ______ (perform) live is quite another.
解析 being performed。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。宾语it与perform之间在逻辑上是被动关系,故填现在分词的被动进行式。
例17 Let those in need ______ (understand) that we will go all out to help them.
解析 understand。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。宾语those与understand在逻辑上是主动关系,且let后跟省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。
例18 It was mainly for this reason that Brazilian government decided to have a new city ________(build) 600 miles north-west of Riode Janeiro.
解析 built。设空处考查非谓语作宾语补足语。句中宾语a city与build之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补,构成have something done结构,意为“使某事被做”。
错因分析 例16同学们易理解为逻辑上的被动关系而填performed;例17同学们可能因为不记得let后接省略to的不定式而错填to understand;例18同学们可能因为混淆“have+宾语+doing”与“have+宾语+done”而填building。