体会情感,选定语气
2016-05-30张红
张红
情态动词和虚拟语气是考生高中阶段十分重要的一个语法项目,同时又是一块难啃的“硬骨头”。要想在英语表达中微妙生动地表示出说话人的语气、心态或情感,考生必须学会准确地使用情态动词和虚拟语气。
情态动词的考查重点
1. 考查情态动词在句中使用时的特点
情态动词的特点:(1)有一定的词义;(2)不受主语人称和数的变化影响,但有些情态动词有过去式;(3)情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。 其中第3个特点是近年来高考考查的重中之重。
【活学活用】
(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect your environment. ( found→find;your→our )
(2016·山东济南3月一模)You can found all kinds of delicious food in Beijing, of that the most famous is the roast Beijing duck. ( found→find;that→which )
上面兩道例题,都是为了让考生掌握“情态动词后必须接动词原形”的用法。
2. 考查常见情态动词的基本意义及用法
如今,情态动词的命题方向主要在常见情态动词的基本用法上,特别是情态动词表推测的用法上,下面是常见情态动词的基本意义及用法。
(1)can和could
Can可表示能力,could主要指过去的能力。如:
He can run the 110m hurdle race within 13 seconds.他能在13秒内完成110米跨栏。
Could the girl read before she went to school?这个女孩上学之前识字吗?
Can和could可表示可能性,表推测,常用在否定句及疑问句中;如用在陈述句中,则表示客观上存在这种可能性。如:
The temperature can fall to –60℃,that is 60℃ below freezing.气温可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。
If you smoke in the wood, you can start a fire.如果你在林子里吸烟,可能会引起火灾。
Can和could也可表示请求, 这时could语气更委婉。如:
Can/Could I have a look at your new pen?我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
(2)may 和might
May和might可以表推测(通常表主观认为), 只用于肯定句。Might 可以指过去的时间,也可以指现在的时间,但语气更加不肯定。如:
They may/might be having a meeting, but Im not sure.他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。
He was afraid they might not agree with him.他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。
May和might也常用在疑问句中表示许可,表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些。如:
May/Might I use your computer? 我可以用你的电脑吗?
(3)must
Must表示推测,意为“一定,肯定”等,只用于肯定句,不能用于否定句和疑问句。如:
He must be doing his homework now.他现在一定在做作业。
Must也可表示义务,意为“必须”(表主观意志),否定形式mustnt 表示“禁止,不准”。如:
We must do everything step by step.我们必须循序渐进地做每件事。
You mustnt talk to her like that.你不许那样对她说话。
(4)need
Need意为“需要,必要”,用作情态动词多用在疑问句和否定句中,在肯定句中一般作实义动词。如:
We need to buy a new computer.我们需要买一台新电脑。(这时need只能用作实义动词)
Its a fine day. You neednt take a raincoat with you.(这时need可用作情态动词)
Need they take any books with them? (这时need可用作情态动词)
(5)should
Should表示义务、命令、劝告、建议等, 意为“应该”,用于各种人称。如:
You should be polite to your teachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。
You shouldnt waste any time.你不应该浪费时间。
(6)will/ would
Will用来表示意愿和意志,或用在疑问句中表请求;would是will的过去式,表请求时语气更委婉。如:
I will do anything for you.我愿为你做任何事。(表意愿)
Will/Would you close the window? Its a bit cold.请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。(表请求)
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.每次她有麻烦时,她都会找他帮忙。(表习惯性动作,这里是过去的情况,所以用would)
3. 考查情态动词表推测,其中 “情态动词+have done”是重难点
表推测在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may/might(可能);否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能), may not/might not(可能不);疑问句中用can/could (能……吗?)。 如:
It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
It cant/couldnt be the headmaster, he has gone to America.这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
Can he be at home now? 他现在可能在家吗?
对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
must have done 过去一定做了某事。
may/might have done 过去可能做了某事。
cant/couldnt have done 过去不可能做过某事。
(2016·浙江卷)George _______ too far. His coffee is still warm.
A. must have gone B. might have gone
C. cant have gone D. neednt have gone
答案:C
解析:乔治“不可能”走很远,他的咖啡还是热的。这里表“不可能已做了某事”,故用cant have done或couldnt have done,选C。
4. 考查特定语境下情态动词与虚拟语气相结合的情况,主要考点有:
should have done 表示过去本该做某事而没做,含“责备或遗憾”的感情。
neednt have done 表示本没有必要做某事而实际上做了。
could have done 表示本来能够做某事而实际上没做到。
should have done 表示过去本不该做某事而实际上做了。
(2016·江苏南京二模)The desk that ________ clean so I could do homework was always surrounded with bowls of bad milk, old magazines and so on.
A. may have been B. would have been
C. must have been D. should have been
答案:D
解析:那张“本应”干净的以便我能做作业的桌子总是被几碗变了质的牛奶、旧杂志和其他一些东西围着。这里从语境可知要表达“本应该是而实际不是”这个意义,所以选D项should have been。
虚拟语气的考查重点
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设或要求、建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。如今,虚拟语气的命题方向主要围绕在非真实条件句的基本用法上及其基本含义在语境中的灵活应用,同时,高考也会考查虚拟语气在其他从句中的使用,特别是名词性从句中“should+动词原形”的用法。
1. 非真实条件句
(1)If 非真实条件句的基本用法
与现在事实相反:If条件状语从句中用过去式(did),be动词用were,主句中用would/could/might/should + do(动词原形)。
与过去事实相反:If条件状语从句中用过去完成式(had done),主句中用would/could/might/should+ have done。
与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生:If条件状语从句中用过去式(did), were to do或should do,主句中用would/could/might/should + do (动词原形)。
這里考查最多的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
【活学活用】
(2016·北京卷)Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week?If you ________ me,I could have helped.
A. told B. had told C. were to tell D. would tell
答案:B
解析:你上周为什么不告诉我你的麻烦事呢?如果你告诉了我,我能够帮忙的。根据句意,可知是对过去的虚拟,故选B。
(2016·浙江卷)Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
答案:D
解析:要是政府和科学家不共同努力,与艾滋病相关的死亡数就不会从2005年的最高峰降低了。从句意看,可知是对过去的虚拟,故选D。
(2)含蓄虚拟条件句
这样的虚拟句不含有if,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等词引导句子,主句谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的用法基本相同。
【活学活用】
(2016·衡水中学) With their help and advice, my life would be different. (With → Without)
解析:由句意可知,my life would be different是虚拟语气,故前面应是without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句,不应用with。
(3)主句、从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句
在有些虚拟条件句中,主句、从句的时间不一致,这时应根据不同情况分别对待,即根据各自的时间进行虚拟。
【活学活用】
(2016·江苏卷)If it for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not been B. should not be
C were not to be D. should not have been
答案:A
解析:要不是他前几天的邀请,我现在不应该在这儿。由句意及the other day可知,if条件从句是对过去的虚拟,主句是对现在的虚拟,故if条件从句中应用过去完成时,选A。
2. 名词性从句中“should+动词原形”的虚拟
在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句中,从句的谓语动词需用“should+動词原形”,其中should可省略。
【活学活用】
(2016·全国新课标卷II)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.(can → should或去掉can)
小M提醒:下期关于从句的语法会更精彩,请大家不要错过~~~