白钨资源绿色冶炼与高值开发利用技术

万林生 聂华平 谭敦强

摘 要：本课题废弃延续近百年的酸、碱冶炼工艺，对现行钨冶炼体系进行革命性变革，创造了新一代“铵盐不变体系白钨闭路冶炼工艺”，并解决了工艺中的重大关键技术难题，创造了国内外全新的无酸碱闭路循环白钨冶炼工艺体系，实现我国白钨高效绿色冶炼的目标。同时采用不同等级的白钨取代黑钨作为生产原料来制备超细晶钨基硬质合金棒料。在深入剖析相关原理的基础上，调整或优化、改进钨产品深加工生产工艺及工装设备，对杂质元素进行精确控制，扬长避短，制备出了高性能的超细晶钨基硬质合金棒料。 具体研究内容有：对白钨矿的磷酸铵分解、磷酸铵回收、钨酸铵体系深度脱磷、钨酸铵溶液深度除钼、锡、砷、硅、APT结晶母液回收、APT结晶氨尾气回收等工艺过程进行了详细的基础研究和工艺研究，并建设完成了一条年产1000吨APT的白钨冶炼示范生产线。同时，对采用不同等级的白钨取代黑钨作为生产原料来制备超细晶钨基硬质合金棒料的关键技术进行了研究。研究了白钨矿中杂质元素对硬质合金制备过程中不同阶段产物形貌、晶粒度、结构、性能等的影响，剖析了白钨中杂质元素在生产工艺中的作用机理，建立杂质元素对超细晶钨基硬质合金组织、性能及生产工艺的影响机制；通过改进工装设备、调节烧结压力和添加微量抑制剂等工艺措施，开发出了超细硬质合金棒料杂质精确控制技术，以白钨制备的APT为原料，制备出了硬质合金YG6。 生产线运行表明：白钨矿不变体系闭路循环冶炼工艺制取的APT化学质量符合国家0级品标准。技术经济指标与国内外先进技术比较表明：金属回收率提高2.6%，达到98.1%。原辅材料消耗成本降低7200元/t？APT，各项指标优于国内外现行白钨冶炼工艺。工艺过程可实现零排放，具有良好的经济和环境效益前景。同时，高值利用部份的实验结果表明：以白钨为原料制备的YG6样品物理性能达到了项目指标要求，其抗弯强度最高3056N/mm2，密度为14.91g/cm3，硬度91.5HRA。达到了采用黑钨为原料制备的YG6样品性能。

关键词：钨；白钨矿；绿色冶炼；高值利用；硬质合金

This subject abandon the acid、alkali smelting process lasted for nearly one hundred years to achieve a revolutionary transformation of the tungsten smelting system， creating a new generation of“scheelite closed smelting process in ammonium invariant system”， and solves the key technical problems in the process ， creates the new no acid and alkali closed circulating scheelite smelting process system， to realize China's “High efficient& green goals” of scheelite smelting. At the same time， this subject study the preparation of ultrafine crystalline tungsten carbide bar with different grade of scheelite instead of black tungsten as the raw material. Based on the in-depth analysis of the principles， adjustment， improvement or optimization of tungsten products deep processing production process and equipment， the impurity elements for precise control， foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses， to produce high performance ultra fine grain tungsten carbide bar. The running of production line shows that： the chemical constant quality of APT which prepared in the closed loop smelting process system of scheelite with 0 grade national standard. Comparison shows that the technical and economic index and advanced technology at home and abroad： the metal recovery rate was improved by 2.6%， reaching 98.1%. Raw and auxiliary materials consumption and reduces the cost of 7200 yuan /t ？ APT， each index is better than the existing domestic and international white tungsten smelting process. The process can achieve zero emissions， has good prospects for economic and environmental benefits. At the same time， experimen results of high value utilization show that：the physical properties of YG6 samples prepared by scheelite meet project requirements， the bending strength up to 3056N/mm2， the density is 14.91g/cm3， the hardness of 91.5HRA. The YG6 properties of sample was prepared by using the black tungsten.

Key words：Tungsten；cheelite；Green smelting；High-value utilization；Hard alloy

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