览圣曲阜之『春秋书院』

文/李翠 图/孔勇



览圣曲阜之『春秋书院』

文/李翠 图/孔勇

○春秋书院旧址。Former site of the Chunqiu Academy.

在曲阜大沂河南岸，城东南6公里处，坐落着一个寂静的古村落，名为“息陬”。村西北角立有“还辕桥”，系两孔平板桥，取于孔子所作琴曲《陬操》中“临津不济，还辕息陬”之句，传为春秋末期，孔子赴晋返鲁，师徒一行临河而返回息陬时所经之桥。桥北有“孔子作春秋处”石碑一块。南朝梁人任昉《述异记》云：“孔子作《春秋》于此。宋时立祠设像。”后孔氏族人倡修“春秋书院”以奉至圣先师，此地便是曲阜著名四大书院之一“春秋书院”的旧址所在。

春秋书院始建于宋代，明、清重修，由衍圣公属官春秋至祭。原有大门三间、二门一间，门两旁各有掖门一间，门内大成殿三间，绿瓦覆顶。殿内正中悬挂清雍正十一年（1733年）横匾一块，上书“春秋书院”。神龛供奉至圣先师孔子牌位，左右神龛供奉颜、曾、思、孟“四配”牌位。殿前有卷棚三间，灰瓦脊顶。东西配房各三间，灰瓦顶，前出廊，内供奉十二哲及七十二贤牌位。民国时期曾改为明德小学，全院红色围墙，南北长42米，东西长35米。自此春秋书院具备了祭祀和教育的双重功能。上世纪60年代，春秋书院被毁，现存“孔子作春秋处”碑亦为后人仿刻，非清乾隆辛卯年（1771年）所立原碑。

孟子云：“世衰道微，邪说暴行有（又）作，臣弑其君者有之，子弑其父者有之。孔子惧，作《春秋》。”（《孟子・滕文公下》）此言一出，孔子作《春秋》似乎已成定论。司马迁亦信此言，《史记》载：“子曰：‘弗乎弗乎，君子病没世而名不称焉。吾道不行矣，吾何以自见于后世哉？’乃因史记作《春秋》，上至隐公，下讫哀公十四年，十二公。”

《续修曲阜县志》记：“县城东南息陬村，昔孔子欲西见赵简子至河，乃还，息乎陬乡，作息陬操，因以为名。”这便完全是后人附会所至。《曲阜县志》记载：“春秋书院即春秋台在城东南十里西邹村，士人又谓即息陬……”而此“西邹”非彼“息陬”。陬乡并非地名，而是指山坡的拐角处。

将鲁国陬邑之“西邹”认作“息陬”，并附作《春秋》之地，倡修“春秋书院”以纪念圣迹，内奉圣像，配先贤先儒，并委派奉祀官致祭，亦出自孔氏族人及附近居民的对先师孔子的尊崇。而春秋书院作为一处文化景物，承载着人们美好的愿望，也极富人文价值。

“CHUNQIU ACADEMY”IN QUFU

On the south bank of the Dayi River in Qufu, 6km to the southeast of the city, there is a quiet ancient village, known as “Xizou”. At the northwest corner of the village, there is a “Huanyuan Bridge”, which is a two-hole flat-slab bridge. It is said that in the late years of the Spring and Autumn period, on the way back to the State of Lu after going to the State of Jin, Confucius and his disciples walked across this bridge when they returned to Xizou along the river. In the north of the bridge, there is a stone tablet that reads “Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals here”. Afterwards, the descendents of Confucius advocated building the “Chunqiu Academy” to worship the greatest stage and teacher – Confucius. This place is the former site of the “Chunqiu Academy”, one of the four famous academies in Qufu.

The Chunqiu Academy was built in the Song Dynasty and rebuilt in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The subordinate officials of Duke Yansheng would offer sacrifices in spring and autumn. In the past, there were three gates and one second gates. There was one side door on both sides of the gate. The Dacheng Hall has three rooms, covered with green tiles. In the center of the hall, there is a horizontal tablet that reads “Chunqiu Academy”, which was inscribed in the 11th Year of Emperor Yongzheng (1733).