状语从句的运用

胡尽美

[时间状语从句]

主要由when，whenever，after，before，as，（ever）since，once，as soon as，（not）until，while等连词引导。

1. 比较while， when， as。

（1）as， when引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car， a man came up to me.

（2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。

When you have finished your work， you may have a rest.

（3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when或while。

As the day went on， the weather got worse.

2. 表示“一……就……”的结构，hardly/scarcely ... when/before， no sooner ... than和as soon as都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。如：

I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as I got home， it began to rain.

注意 如果hardly，scarcely或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：

Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

例1 One Friday， we were packing to leave for a weekend away my daughter heard cries for help.

A. after B. while

C. since D. when

解析 D。句意表示我们正在收拾行李，这时我的女儿听到求救的呼喊。be doing ... when表示“正在做某事，这时（突然）……”，是一种常见结构。

例2 It was April 29， 2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

A. that B. when

C. since D. before

解析 B。句意：2001年4月29日，威廉王子和凯特步入了婚姻的殿堂。

例3 I used to love that film I was a child， but I dont feel it that way any more.

A. once B. when

C. since D. although

解析 B。句意：当我还是一个小孩子的时候， 我喜欢那部影片。when引导时间状语从句表示 “当……的时候”；C项也可引导时间状语从句， 但意思为 “自从……以来”。

例4 I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

A. when B. than

C. until D. after

解析 A。考查固定句型hardly ... when ... 的用法，要辨认出固定句型hardly ... when ...。句意：我刚到办公室，我妻子就给我打电话让我立刻回家。

[地点状语从句]

地点状语从句通常由where，wherever引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.

我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

例5 A number of high buildings have arisen _______ there was nothing a year ago but ruins.

A. when B. where

C. before D. until

解析 B。此处是where引导地点状语从句，表示“在……地方”。句意：很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方矗立起来了。

例6 If you happen to get lost in the wild， youd better stay ______ you are and wait for help.

A. why B. where

C. who D. what

解析 B。where引导的地点状语表明主句动作发生的地点，即：你最好呆在你现在所在的地方。

[方式状语从句]

方式状语从句通常由as， （just） as ... so ... ， as if， as though引导。

（1）as， （just） as ... so ... 引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as ... so ... 结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文体。如：

As water is to fish， so air is to man.

我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

（2）as if， as though的比较。

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”。如：

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气）

They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气）

说明：as if/as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。如：

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

例7 regular exercise is very important， its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

A. It B. As

C. Although D. Unless

解析 C。although“尽管”；as“如”；unless“除非”。句意：尽管有规律的运动很重要，但是在睡前运动不是一个好主意。

[原因状语从句]

原因状语从句可由as，because，since及for引导，比较：because， since， as和for。

（1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。

I didnt go， because I was afraid.

Since/As the weather is so bad， we have to delay our journey.

（2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是通过多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today， because/for he is ill.

He must be ill， for he is absent today.

例8 —Did you return Freds call？

—I didnt need to Ill see him tomorrow.

A. though B. unless

C. when D. because

解析 D。因为Ill see him tomorrow是I didnt need to的原因， 故该空格处用because表示原因。

[目的状语从句 ]

表示目的状语的从句可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， for fear that， in case等词引导，如：

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

He wrote the name down lest/for fear that he should forget it.

You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.

例9 Leave your key with your neighbor you lock yourself out one day.

A. as long as B. even though

C. in case D. as if

解析 C。句意：把你的钥匙留给你的邻居，以防你把自己锁在外面了。A项意思为“只要”；B项意思为“尽管”；C项意思为“以防”；D项意思为“好像”。

[结果状语从句型]

结果状语从句常由so ... that或such ... that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。

比较：so和such。其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many/few flowers such nice flowers

so much/little money such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

so ... that与such ... that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he cant go to school.

=He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.

[条件状语从句]

连接词主要有if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，provided （that）等。if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。

unless=if not

Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.=

If you are not too tied， lets go out for a walk.

例10 You will be late you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until

C. if D. or

解析 A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就会迟到的。可转化为If you dong leave immediately， you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折。

例11 The medicine works more effectively you drink some hot water after taking it.

A. as B. until

C. although D. if

解析 D。句意：这种药的效果更明显， 如果你在吃药后喝一些开水的话。