细节题解题方法点拨

胡瑞明

细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，做好这类试题是同学们获取阅读理解高分的保证。细节理解题常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题，常用who， what， when， where， why和how等疑问句提问，这类试题主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题相对于直接信息题要难些，因为此类题的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。同学们不能一眼就从原文中找出正确答案，而是要稍加归纳才能完全理解关键信息的含义。

细节理解题常见设问方式有：

1. Which of the following is/isnt true？

2. Which of the following is not mentioned？

3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.

4. All of the following statements may be true/false except .

5. Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of？

6. What does the writer pay least attention to？

7. Which of the following is not the result of？

8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what ... is like？

9. The author mentions all of the following except .

10. All of the following statements are true except .

一般来说，解答细节理解题时首先要从问题中找到关键词句，然后以此为线索，运用略读和查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再对这部分内容进行仔细阅读，分析比较所给选项与文中细节的异同，将所设问题的信息与原文中相关信息加以归纳、概括和推理，最后在准确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。

直接信息题

解答细节理解的直接信息题时，由于其普遍较容易，不必通篇细读全文，一般是先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词，即问题的核心信息，再进行信息定位，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题干有关的关键词，找出相关的句子，得出正确答案。

例1 （2016年·全国卷Ⅰ） You probably know who Marie Curie was， but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below， who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years？

Jane Addams （1860-1935）

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community （社区） by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931， Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson （1907-1964）

If it werent for Rachel Carson， the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day OConnor （1930-present）

When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator （参议员） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks （1913-2005）

On December 1， 1955， in Montgomery， Alabama， Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year， and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was， was tired of giving in，” said Parks.

21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history？

A. Her social work.

B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.？

A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.

C. Sandra Day OConnor. D. Rosa Parks.

语篇解读 文章介绍了四位杰出的美国女性以及她们为社会进步发挥的巨大作用。第一位是获得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性Jane Addams。第二位是以作品《寂静的春天》引发了美国乃至全世界对环境保护的关注的Rachel Carson。第三位是美国有史以来首位出任最高法院大法官的女性Sandra Day OConnor。第四位是因为在公交车上拒绝向一名白人让座，最终引发了美国二十世纪五六十年代民权运动的黑人女性Rosa Parks。

解析 本题阅读所设的21和23题为直接事实题，可直接根据问题去文中寻找答案。

21. A。根据题中的关键词Jane Addams可迅速定位文章中对她的介绍，由第一句Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.可知，她的主要贡献是社会工作。

23. D。根据文中对Rosa Parks的介绍可知，1955年，Parks在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市的一辆公交车上拒绝为一位白人让座而遭到逮捕，这引发了蒙哥马利市长达一年多的巴士抵制运动及民权运动，故是Rosa Parks为美国的民权运动作出了巨大的贡献。

间接信息题

考查间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方式是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。因此在做细节理解题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。

1. 同义替换

同义替换是指命题人利用同义词或近义词对原文的关键信息进行解释。解题时，同学们应该根据题意，快速跳读全文，找到关键信息，然后在选项中寻找与原文信息最接近的同义词或近义词，这样就可确定正确答案。

例2 （2016年·全国卷Ⅰ） 22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

解析 C。根据文中Sandra Day OConnor介绍部分中的When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.可知，虽然她以优异的成绩从斯坦福大学法学院毕业，但是却因为女性身份而受到歧视，找不到律师事务所的工作。注意本题命题人根据文中信息对C选项进行了同义替换，即使用discrimination against women来代替because she was a woman，虽然表达形式与原文有差异，但意思一致。

2. 归纳信息

归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题时经常使用的手段之一。同学们首先应抓住该题所涉及的重要信息去理解、提炼其中的关键信息，可尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。

例3 （2016年·全国卷Ⅰ）

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third-generation native of Brownsville， Texas， Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children， she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law， Marian Robinson， has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grand， a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them， especially when youre raising children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

25. Why was Garzas move a success？

A. It strengthened her family ties.

B. It improved her living conditions.

C. It enabled her to make more friends.

D. It helped her know more new places.

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of themselves.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

语篇解读 文章介绍了美国老人帮子女带孩子的情况，举例说明美国老人与子孙同住将是一种趋势，可使老人与子女间的关系更加密切。

解析 25. A。归纳分析第一段最后一句Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.可知答案。

27. C。归纳分析根据第三段In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own.可知在20世纪60年代，人们都认为离家越远越好，以此来证明自己的独立。

3. 选项干扰

高考英语阅读理解在考查细节理解题时，在干扰项的设置上也是“煞费苦心”，常使用诸如颠倒黑白、张冠李戴、无中生有、偷梁换柱、以偏概全等方式来造成句意的改变。其中最常见的干扰项是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。

例4 （2016年·全国卷Ⅰ） 26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision？

A. 17% expressed their support for it.

B. Few people responded sympathetically.

C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.

D. The majority thought it was a trend.

解析 D。文章第二段中有83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.这样的表述，即83%的美国人认为罗宾逊太太的决定将影响美国家庭中的祖父母们。三分之二的人相信更多的家庭会向奥巴马的家庭学习。题中的C项虽然数字与原文一致，但却悄悄地使用了bad，造成了句意的改变，干扰性非常大。对这种部分正确、部分错误的选项，我们尤其要注意。