短文改错例析

潘小莲

短文改错主要测试同学们观察、发现、判断和纠正语篇错误的能力、语言基础知识及综合运用语言的能力，进而考查同学们在词法、句法及语篇行文逻辑等方面的知识。近几年的高考设题类型有：多词，缺词，错词。主要考查词法、句法、语篇结构和行文逻辑。

例1 （短文改错）Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby（1）which is both interested and fun.（2）And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own（3）and discover an interest which can even last lifetime.（4）Starting your collection of stamps are easy because they are everywhere.（5）Holiday and birthday postcards from relatives and letter（6）from friends can provide you for stamps from all over the world.（7）So once you have started collecting seriously，（8）you will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors Club（9）which exists to add your collection more stamps.（10）

解析 （1）age→ages。all修饰可数名词复数。这里的age是“时代“的意思。

（2）interested→interesting。interesting意为“有趣的”，常用来修饰物。

（3）your→their。这里的代词代表的是上文提到的people，所以应用their own来表示。

（4）lifetime前加a。a lifetime 意为”一生”， “终身”。

（5）第一个are→is。现在分词作主语，谓语动词用单数。

（6）letter→letters。复数形式和postcards一致。

（7）for→with。provide sb with sth.为固定搭配。

（8）So→But。由上下文知这里应是转折的意思。

（9）去掉in。join in 表示参加……活动。join后直接加宾语表示加入某个组织并成为其中的一个成员。

（10）add→add to。这里add to是丰富的意思。

从短文改错题的设题特点看，要求我们平时既要系统掌握《考试大纲》规定的语法知识，又要培养一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。做题时，同学们要注意以下几点：

1. 通读全文，理解篇章结构，掌握文章大意。这是做好短文改错题的前提和基础。既然是文章，它就有主题思想，就有简单的故事情节及上下文的逻辑关系。有些同学在做题时往往忽视这一过程，结果常常出现差错。上文的中心思想是集邮给集邮爱好者带来的快感。许多人爱好集邮。

2. 判断句子是否完整。就是要判断句子成分是否完整，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语等是否完整。例1中的4和10就是属于这种类型。

3. 观察结构是否一致。一致主要涉及以下几方面

（1）主谓是否一致：谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。如例1中的5就是主谓一致，动词不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词都用单数形式。

（2）代词是否一致。代词与其所指代的名词在人称、数、性别方面要保持一致。如例1中的3就是代词不一致的问题。文中提到的people是第三人称的复数形式，所以要用their.

（3）时态和语态是否一致：时态一致指句子时态与整篇文章的主体时态保持一致；句子时态与其语言环境一致：两个或两个以上并列谓语的时态保持一致。语态一致指句子主语与谓语动词存在主谓关系时，用主动语态；在非谓语动词中，名词或代词与动词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系时，用主动形式。如存在动宾关系时，则用被动语态或被动形式。

（4）修饰语与名词的数是否一致：如例1中的age要用复数形式，因为它被all来修饰。

（5）平行结构是否一致：由and， or， but， either ... or， neither ... nor， not only ... but also， as well as， along with ...， together with ...等并列连词或词组连接的平行结构在词性、时态、非谓语动词等形式上一定要前后一致。

（6）行文逻辑是否一致：看某个句子与短文在逻辑、篇章结构及上下文上是否保持一致。如例1中的8就是这种情况。这里的So 表示转折关系。

例2 My soccer coach retired in last week.（1）I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.（2）My mum makes the better biscuits in the world，（3）so I decide to ask her for help.（4）Mum taught me some basic step of baking.（5）I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.I thought the biscuits were really well.（6）My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.（7）

At a party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly who made them and joked，（8）“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”（9）

My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter！（10）

解析 （1）去掉in。last week，next week，this week，that week前不加介词。

（2）anything→something。句意：我想在他的退休晚会上为他做点儿特别的事情。此处是表示某件事而不是任何事情。

（3）better→best。由该句中的in the world以及前面的the可知此处要用形容词的最高级。

（4）decide→decided。整个语境是过去，因此要用一般过去时。

（5）step→steps。step是可数名词，前面有some修饰，因此要用复数。

（6）well→good。此处作表语，修饰the biscuits，要用good。well用作形容词时，表示人身体好。

（7）after→when/while。用when/while引导时间状语从句，表示“当我打包时掉在了地上一些”，而不是在“我”打包后掉在了地上。

（8）第一个a→the。此处特指前文提到的his retirement party，故用定冠词the。

（9）get前加to。由语境可知，此处要用动词不定式作目的状语。

（10）enjoy→enjoying。分析句子结构可知，介词of后是复合宾语，用动词-ing形式。

短文改错题的答题方法及技巧牵涉许多方面，除常见的应用之外，还有不同词性在句中的不同用法、许多习惯用法及固定搭配等等。同学们除了掌握基本的答题方法和技巧之外，更重要的是在平时要强化联系，反复实践。

[练习]

短文改错

1. Im very thank to you for inviting me to stay with you in the come summer vacation. I have been dreamed of seeing you again so that I can get help from you in my English learning. And Im afraid I cannot go to your pla ce in this summer. Ive promised my grandmother， she lives in th e country， to spend this summer with her. She misses me too much that I find dif ficult to refuse her request. Im busy preparing for my examinations in present. I planned to visit you in winter if its convenient to you.

Best wishes.

Yours truly，

Li Ying

2. People often have troubles getting used to a new culture. They are usually curious when they first arrive a foreign country. Therefore， if they stay for a long time， they may start to feel different stages of culture shock. They can feel alone or sad because he cant deal with the local people. How quick people get used to culture differences may be depend on the way they learn. Thats a problem if they cant speak the language. On other hand， some can study the situation and make good guesses about the culture. When they finally began to understand some of the language and make some new friends， they will gradually enjoy themselves and feel satisfying.

3. Dear Joe，

Thanks for you mail. Im glad to k now you are interested in the 2014 Florida Winter Camp. It will be held from January 27 to February 13， during that time you will get wonderful experience. You will have chances to improve your speaking English in the courses providing. Also， activities arranged for you to spend weekends together with your host family， so you can learn American English in authentic situations. However， a trip to the local Disneyland will certainly add up the fun of the camp.

Join in the camp and you will have the better knowledge of American culture and life. You are sure to benefit from it.

Yours truly

Li Hua

4. I went hiking to a mountain with my friend last summer. It was a good trip in the beginning and something unexpected happened halfway. One of my friends suddenly felt a terrible pain in his stomach and he couldnt move any far. Nobody knew how to deal it. One girl tried to call her mum over her mobile phone， but there is no signal in the mountain area. Lucky we had brought a tent with us. We put it up and let him to rest in it. Aft er taken some pills， he drank some water and ate some food. After a while， I felt much better and we walked on. We all enjoyed us on the top of the mountain.

[参考答案]

1. （1）thank→thankful （2）come→coming

（3）dreamed→dreaming （4）And→But

（5）去掉in （6）she→who

（7）too→so （8）find后面加it

（9）in→at （10） planned→plan

2. （1）troubles→trouble （2）arrive后面加in

（3）Therefore→However （4）alone→lonely

（5）he→they （6）quick→quickly

（7）may be depend on中删去be

（8）other前面加the （9）began→begin

（10）satisfying→satisfied

3. （1）you→your （2）that→which

（3）在“get”后面加a或experienc→experiences

（4）speaking→spoken （5）providing→provided

（6）在“arranged”前面加are

（7）However→Besides/Also/Morever

（8）up→to （9）去掉in

（10）the→a

4. （1）friend→friends （2）and→but

（3）far→farther （4）deal后面加with

（5）is→was （6）Lucky→Luckily

（7）去掉rest前面的to （8）taken→taking

（9）I→he （10）us改成ourselves