浅析高考试题中情态动词+have done重难点及用法
2016-05-14杜全福
杜全福
【摘要】“情态动词+have done”是情态动词语法项目中一个十分重要的语言点,是高考的重点,也是近年来各省市高考英语试题考查的热点内容。情态动词have done有两大功能:一是表示推测;二是表示虚拟。
【关键词】情态动词 用法 高考题 虚拟语气 高考英语
情态动词是高中阶段一个难以掌握的语法项目,且一直是高考的重点和难点。下面笔者结合近年来高考英语试题谈谈“情态动词+have done”的几种常见但却容易混淆的用法:
一、must+ have+过去分词:表示对过去发生动作或存在的状态进行推测。只用于肯定的陈述句中(在否定句及疑问句中用can)意思是“一定、已经”。
e.g: If he had already been there, I must have been seen him.
Her watch must have stopped .I will go and call her.
【高考链接】
Jack described his father, who ___ a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man.
A. would be B. would have been
C. must be D. must have been
(2010安徽卷,32)
【答案】 D
【简析】
此题考查情态动词must表示推测的用法,推测过去用must +have done的结构,正确答案为选项D。
二、may\might + have +过去分词:表示对过去发生动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测。可用于肯定句(意思是“可能已经”、也许)和否定句(意思是“可能没有”);might的语气没有may那么肯定。might + have +过去分词:还可表示“本来可能......”,但实际上没有发生的事;另外,还可表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意,含有轻微的责备语气。
e.g: She may have read the book. He might not have got your letter.
He might have arrived there by now.
You might given him more help,though you were busy.
【高考链接】
— I can't find my purse anywhere.— You ___ have lost it while shopping.
A. may B. Can C. should D. would
(2008重庆卷,30)
【答案】 A
【简析】
此题考查情态动词may表示推测的用法。may表示推测过去发生的行为并用于肯定句中,应用may + have done的结构。can表示对过去行为或状态的推测,只用于疑问句和否定句中,故排除选项B,正确答案为A. may。
【归纳】“情态动词+ have done”表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测或估计的用法。
【总评】
“情态动词+ have done”表示推测的用法是近年来高考英语试题考查的热点,考生在备考时一定要分清can /could / may / might / must表示推测的不同含义和用法,如注意区分can't /couldn't have done表示“不可能做过”的含义,而may not / mightn't have done表示“可能没做过”的含义,另外要特别注意牢记can / could / may / might / must分别是用于何种句式。
三、cant\ couldnt+have +过去分词:表示对过去某种行为或存在的状态或不肯定推测,can常用语否定句(意思“不可能已经”)和疑问句;除用于否定句和疑问句外,还可用于肯定句(意思是“那时可能,本来可以”)。
e.g : They can not have finished the work so soon.Where can he have gone? In those circumstance we could have done better.
【高考链接】
But for their help, we ___ the program in time.
A. can not finish B. will not finish
C. had not finished D. could not have finished
(2009安徽卷,34)
【答案】 D
【简析】
此题考查含蓄虚拟条件句。介词短语but for(要不是) their help相当于if引导的虚拟条件状语从句(if it hadn't been for their help),从句用had done表示对过去事实的虚拟,主句应用could + have done结构,故选D. could not have finished。
*本文系甘肃省2015年度教育科学“十二五“规划课题阶段性研究成果,课题批准号:GS[ 2015 ]GHB0403。