刊首语

刊首语

马可·波罗在游记中曾提到元朝版图内的契丹省，“各地都发现了一种黑石，它从山中掘出，其矿脉横贯在山腰中，这种黑石像木炭一样容易燃烧，但它的火焰比木材还要好，甚至可以整夜不灭。”

这种黑石应该就是煤。在中国，人们早已知晓煤可以用作燃料，不过在漫长的农耕时期，薪柴才是获取能量最直接的原料。做饭取暖都需要木材，尽管植物可以再生，可是一旦用量超过了生长量，木材的使用便不可持续。在游记中马可·波罗还提到，“这个国家并不缺少树木，不过因为居民众多，灶也就特别多，而且烧个不停，再加上人们沐浴又勤，所以木材的数量供不应求。”由于林木不断被过度砍伐，中国北方的森林一直在消减，甚至消失殆尽，造成了严重的水土流失和气候变化等环境问题。

欧洲人开始用煤作为燃料已是13世纪以后，到了工业革命，煤完全取代木材，成为欧洲的主要燃料。人类能源消费结构发生了根本的变化，许多城市的景观也随之改变了。

在印象派画家们那些色彩绚丽的作品中，经常可以看到自然风景与工业景观共存的画面。修拉名作“阿斯尼埃尔的沐浴”的远景就是成排的冒着浓烟的烟囱。在艺术发展史中，莫奈的“日出印象”更具有划时代意义，画面中海水倒映着天空与冉冉升起的太阳，对岸的建筑、港口、吊车、船舶若隐若现，烟囱中冒出的烟雾与云彩交融在一起。画面朦朦胧胧，所有景物是笼罩在晨雾中还是烟霾里？印象派画家们是在反映社会现实，还是在歌颂工业革命的成就？

随着工业革命的深入，城市中浓烟滚滚的烟囱越来越多，一些区域，烟囱超过了教堂的钟塔，成为新的地标。然而燃烧煤炭排放出的大量烟尘及各种有害气体，却带来严重的环境问题。雾霾越来越重，古老的建筑被熏得改变了颜色，伦敦更是成为雾都，直到1952年冬季，伦敦爆发了严重的“伦敦雾霾”事件。

随着各种环保法律的颁布、环境治理和工业转型的深入，到1980年代后，发达国家的环境质量逐步得到改善，雾霾也逐渐消失。作为工业革命的标志，大烟囱退出了历史舞台，成为一种被保护的工业遗存。

针对个人群体，区块链相关的宣传铺天盖地，个人群体首先应该静心学习该技术的实质内涵，提高自己的防范意识，懂得维护自己的合法权益，不能带着盈利的心理盲目跟风，防止落入非法分子设下的圈套。

然而人的生存离不开能源，放弃核能，能源的缺口又如何填补呢？利用风能是一种途径。20年以前，风车似乎还只是荷兰人的专利，但今天，德国的原野上到处是星罗棋布的风车，风力发电的推进改变了德国的国土景观面貌。

西方国家环境能够得到改善的重要原因还在于新型能源逐步替代了煤炭，其中核能扮演着主要角色。1992年我曾参观过位于德国卡尔斯鲁厄附近的一个核能发电站，原野上那两个高高耸立的冷却塔令人过目难忘。这个核电站提供着德国巴登-符腾堡州大部分居民用电。参观这个核电站还获赠了一个印有核电宣传口号的环保袋，后来一段时间里，每当我随身携带这个袋子时，就会不时遭到路人的责备。德国人大多反对核电，他们的理由是“irren ist menschlich”（是人就会犯错），而核电站一旦有所闪失，后果将不堪设想。难怪2011年德国环境部宣布，将于 2022 年前关闭境内所有的核电站。

With the promulgation of various environmental laws and regulations, the propulsion of environmental governance and industrial transformation, the quality of the environment of the developed countries gradually improved after the 1980s, haze has gradually vanished. Big chimneys, the symbol of the industrial revolution, eventually quit the stage of history, and were protected as an industrial heritage.

从形式上看，撞击极限方程主要分为两种：1)单层板结构的撞击极限方程是单一的解析函数表达式；2)各类有缓冲屏、填充层防护结构的撞击极限方程均为三段式，即按弹丸撞击速度从低到高依次划分为弹道区、破碎区、熔化/汽化区三个区域。双层板结构(Whipple防护结构)撞击极限方程是基础和原型。各类有缓冲屏及填充层防护结构的撞击极限方程均是在原型的基础上对防护结构几何参数、材料参数(包括弹丸)、撞击参数进行修正得到的。

人类获取能源的手段越来越多，每种新能源的产生都会带来景观的改变。每种新能源的利用都有正反两面，解决了旧矛盾，往往又制造出新问题，人类社会就是在这种变革中发展的。今天,互联网正在迅速改变着我们的社会，也在迅速改变着能源的管理、调配和使用方式，尽管互联网不是传统意义上的能源。在这样的背景下，景观又会随之发生怎样的变革呢？

生物质燃料是目前的一个研究热点，从玉米中可以提取乙醇，从油棕中可以提取生物柴油，技术可行，这些植物可再生，能源也清洁。但是增加的玉米或油棕种植面积，往往需要砍伐森林或是填埋湿地才能获得的，这也不仅仅是景观改变的问题，更多的是对生态的破坏。

It is after the 13th century that Europeans began to use coal as fuel. Up to the industrial revolution, coal completely replaced the wood to be the main fuel in Europe. The structure of human energy consumption has undergone fundamental changes, there with the landscape of cities transformed.

除了风能外，太阳能是另一种再生能源，更是真正意义上清洁能源，且取之不尽、用之不竭。目前太阳能光电板多立在建筑的屋顶上，对景观的影响似乎并不大。但是由于受天气影响大、光电转换效率低，研究表明，假如要为250万个家庭提供60%的太阳能电力，美国国土的10%-20%将被太阳能电池板覆盖，这将是对国土景观的根本改变，而带来的一系列环境问题则更加复杂。

不同灌注液量在经皮肾镜术中对容量变异指数的影响……廖 飞，陈静宜，朱雁鸿，陈粤丽，李永兴，黄 靖（43）

在我国的人均淡水资源仅占据世界人均的四分之一，据相关调查研究，预计2025年，世界中的缺水人口数量将会达到30亿[2]，40个国家或地区会出现淡水严重供给不足的情况。人类的可利用淡水资源占据地球水资源的比例可见图1.由于水污染与污染肆意排放的问题日益加重，对人们的生活与生态环境产生的恶劣影响。因此利用污水处理与回收技术，才能加强生态城市的建设水平。从目前情况来看，可以利用集中处理与分散处理两种技术，将两种技术互相结合，可以逐步形成点、面、区域三个层次的中水回收循环利用系统，从而加强城市中的水资源利用效率，避免水资源浪费。

每一种新能源的出现都会改变以往的景观，也往往会引发人们的关注甚至赞美，然而随着时代的发展，这种新能源的利用又往往会将人类带入窘境。印象派画家们赞美的烟囱后来污染着我们的大地，今天在世界各地蔓延的风车又会给人类带来怎样的后果？烟台的设计师朋友告诉我，胶东半岛上风车带来的问题已显现出来，首先是那些为了运送风车而新修的通往每一个山头的道路，破坏了原有的植被和地貌，造成了相当大的水土流失，更严重的是凡是有风车的地方都没有鸟，原来栖息在山上的蛇也逃离家园爬进了村庄。

PREFACE

Marco Polo have mentioned Cathay Province where been in the Yuan Dynasty map in his travel notes, " all over the Cathay there is one type of black stone existing in beds in the mountains, which they dig out burns like firewood. If you supply the fi re with them at night, and see that they are well kindled, you will see them still alight in the morning."

This black stone should be the coal. In China, people have long been aware of coal can be used as fuel, but in the long period of farming, wood is the most direct raw material accessing to energy, both for cooking and heating. Although plant can be regenerated, once the amount of use exceeded the woods’ increment, it will no longer be unsustainable. In the travel notes, Marco Polo also said that "it is true that they have plenty of wood…with the vast number of people and the number of baths and meals they maintain, the wood would not suffice for the purpose." As woods continually to be overcut, forests in northern China have been diminished or even depleted, causing various environmental problems such as soil erosion and climate change.

制造分厂现有淬火冷却设备共有2个，分别是1#立喷、2#立喷，对于管板锻件，2个淬火冷却设备的的优缺点如下：

In those colorful works of impressionist painters, the juxtaposition of natural and industrial landscape can be frequently seen. Row of smoke-filled chimneys acted as the distant view are in the painting Bathers at Asnieres by Seurat. In the history of art, Sunrise Impression by Monet is of epoch-making signif i cance, in which the sky and the rising sun is ref l ected in the sea water, while the thither buildings, port, cranes, ships are looming with chimney smoke and clouds. The scene is dim, the scenery is shrouded in the morning mist or smoke haze? Impressionist painters are ref l ecting the social reality or celebrating the achievements of the industrial revolution?

Along with the progress of industrial revolution, more and more chimneys appear in the city with smoke billowing, even overstepping the amount of bell towers in churches in some area as the new landmark. However, the discharge of vast coal dust and a variety of harmful gases bring serious environmental problems. The ancient building was smoked into the color of haze, London turns into the city of fog, and subsequently the incident of "London haze" broke out in 1952.

风车又岂止仅在德国蔓延。在中国，高速公路上不时能看到运送风车的巨型卡车。我有两年未去胶东半岛的北部，不久前再次到那里整个视觉感受都改变了，因为丘陵上到处都是巨大的风车。在张北的草原天路，号称“中国的66号公路”上，随处可见高耸的风车与广褒延展的原野所形成的壮观风景。

An important issue account for the improvement of the environment in the West is the gradual replacement of coal with new energy sources, in which nuclear energy plays a signif i cant role. I once visited the nuclear power station near Karlsruhe of Germany in 1992, the scene that cooling towers erecting in the wilderness is still impressive to me till now. This nuclear power station provides most of the residential electricity consumption of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Are usable bag is received with slogan about nuclear power printed on when visiting the nuclear power station. A period of time after that, I would be criticized by the passers-by from time to time whenever carrying it alongside. Most of the Germans against nuclear power, their reason is "irren ist menschlich" (which means people will make mistakes), yet once mishap occur in nuclear power station, it would turn out to be a catastrophe. No wonder the German Ministry of Environment announced in 2011 that all nuclear power station would be closed by 2022.

从学习兴趣来看，绝大多数学生认为学习这门课后对学习英语的兴趣有所提升。绝大多数的学生认为学习这门课会促进课后的英语学习，学生更加倾向于通过观看英语电影和学唱英文歌曲来学习。

However, people can’t survive without energy, how would the energy gap be fi lled after giving up nuclear energy. Wind energy dose make a way out. Windmills seemed to be a patent of Dutch twenty years ago, but it is dotted over Germany's wilderness today, in which way the wind power to promote the change of the German landscape.

Windmills are far from spreading only in Germany. Giant trucks transporting windmillsrushing on the highway can be frequently seen in China. I haven’t been to the north of the Jiaodong Peninsula for two years, and once again I got there lately and found that the whole look has changed, huge windmills are interspersed everywhere on the hills. In Prairie Sky Road in Zhangbei, known as the "Highway 66 in China", the spectacular landscape formed with towering windmills and extensive prairie can be widely seen.

(1)建立地下水水质评价矩阵：设地下水水质待评价样本有x件，则有M1，M2,…Mi(i=1,2，…，x)，评价指标有y种，则指标数列为N1，N2,…Nj(j=1,2，…，y),设样本Mi在评价指标Nj下的检测值为Pij，将地下水质量的5种分类标准对应的评价指标也作为实测样本，由此建立了x+5个样本与y种评价指标构成的初始评价矩阵(Pij)(x+5)×y。

The emergence of every new energy will brings about the transition of landscape, along with people's attention and even praise. But as the years wore on, the new energy will bring human society into a dilemmain most cases. The chimney that impressionist painters praised contaminated our land afterwards, what consequences the windmill that spreading around the world will bring about? A friend and designer from Yantai told me that the windmill on the Jiaodong peninsula has emerged drawbacks. Initially the new roads heading for each mountain to transport windmills are vastly constructed, destroying the original vegetation and landforms, resulting in considerable soil erosion. More seriously, wherever windmill exist, birds disappear, the snakes used to habitat in the mountains also fl ed their homes and climbed into the village.

In addition to wind energy, the solar energy is another renewable, clean and inexhaustible one. The solar photovoltaic panels are usually installed on the roof of the buildings at present, the impact on the landscape does not seem to be severe. However, due to its sensitivity to weather and poor conversion efficiency, the study shows that 10%-20% of US land would be covered with solar panels, providing2.5 million households with 60% of the solar power, which would turn out to be a fundamental change of the local landscape, and more complex environmental problems would occur.

Biomass fuel is a hotspot at present, ethyl alcohol can be extracted from corn, biodiesel can be extracted from oil palm, the technology is feasible, and these plants are renewable, generated energy is as well clean. Nevertheless, the increase of cultivated area for corn or oil palm will inevitably obtained by deforestation or wetlands fi lling. This is not merely the issue of landscape transition, but the destruction of ecosystem.

More and more means accessing to energy is available, each new energy resource will bring about changes in the landscape. With both pros and cons exist, new energy often create new problems while solving the old, that’s the way human society revolves. Today, the Internet is rapidly transforming our society, as well the management, deployment and utilization of energy, although the Internet is not energy traditionally. In this context, what changes of landscape will be followed by?

November 18, 2016 WANG Xiang-rong