中考英语“单项选择”解题思路点拨
2016-04-13胡发高
胡发高
单项选择,也被称作“单项填空”,是全国大多数地区中考英语试题中必考的题型之一。该大题由10到20小题组成,主要涉及对名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、情态动词、动词、时态、语态、非谓语形式、句型、语序、主谓一致、习惯用法及交际用语的考查,是一种容量大、考查面广的题型。解答单项选择题,除了需要具备较扎实的词法、语法、句型、固定搭配、习惯用法等方面的语言功底外,还应掌握一些必要的解题方法,以提高解题的准确率。
一、根据时间判断
考查时态是中考英语单项选择题中的“重头戏”。英语句子的时态,大部分是依据明确的时间状语来判定的。例如:句中有yesterday、last night、two days ago等时间状语时,句子用一般过去时;句中有tomorrow、the day after tomor-row、next week、in a few days等时间状语时,句子用一般将来时;句中有already、yet、for three years、for a long time、in the past/last few years、since 1995、since she left home等表示“一段时间”的状语时,句子用现在完成时;句中有by the end of last month、before he moved here等表示“过去截止时间”的状语时,句子用过去完成时。解题时,我们要准确运用这些时态与时间的对应关系。
但同时我们也应注意,有些题目没有提供明确的时间状语,需要我们根据上下文的相关信息来判断答案,这就自然而然地增加了解题难度。解答这类题目,必须通过仔细观察,分析判断语言情境,寻找出暗含的时间信息来确定上下句之间的时态关系。
【考例】
1.(2015年宜宾卷)Over fifty countries______the AIIB(亚投行)so far.
A.joined
B.was joining
C. had joined
D.have joined
2.(2015年汕尾卷)-The TV program Voice of Youth is really great.
-I think so.It____the hearts of lots of fans since it started.
A.lose and touch
B.won and touched
C.has won and touched
D.has lost and hit
3.(2015年成都卷)Chengdu is a greener city now because more and more trees____every spring.
A.were planted
B.are planted
C.will be planted
4.(2015年广州卷)The weather forecast says that____another storm tomorrow.
A.there will have
B.there will be
C.there has
D.there has been
5.(2015年滨州卷)-Look at the signl It says"No Smoking".
-Oh,sorry,I____it.
A.don't see
B.haven't seen
C.wasn't seen
D.didn't see
6.(2015年安徽卷)-Cathy,can you an-swer the door?I____the room.
-I'm coming,mum.
A.clean
B.cleaned
C.have cleaned
D.am cleaning
7.(2015年益阳卷)-What were you do-ing at 8:00 last Sunday?
-I______rubbish with my classmates by Zijiang River.
A.picked up
B.am picking up
C.was picking up
1.D。句中有表示现在完成时的时间状语so far,因此本题应选择have joined。句意为:到目前为止,有五十多个国家加入了亚投行。
2.C。本句的时间状语是since it started。since引导的从句或短语做时间状语时,主句或句子的谓语要用现在完成时,因此本题应选择has won and touched。
3.B。本句有明确表示一般现在时的时间状语every spring,因此本题应选择are planted。
4.B。本句有明确表示一般将来时的时间状语tomorrow,因此本题应选择there will be做宾语从句的谓语。
5.D。本句中没有明确的时间状语,但根据语境分析,“没有看到‘禁止吸烟这个警示牌”的动作发生在对方的提醒之前,即“发生在过去”,因此应选择didn't see。
6.D。本句中没有明确的时间状语,但根据“can you answer the door(你能去开下门吗)”的语境分析,妈妈“正在打扫房间”,因此应选择am cleaning表示正在进行的动作。
7.C。答语中的时间就是问句中的at 8:00 last Sunday,问句中用的是were doing,那么答语中也要用过去进行时was picking up。
二、根据相关常识判断
中考英语单项选择题中,有一部分试题常以“常识”作为载体,考查学生理解句意的能力。这类试题常以名词、代词、动词、形容词或副词等作为选项。要解答这类题目,我们应首先推敲句意,然后根据相关常识判断答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年重庆B卷)The____of Chongqing is really hot,but I still like livinghere.
A.spring
B.summer
C.autumn
D.winter
2.(2015年德州卷)The New York Times is a popular daily____.
A.dictionary
B.magazine
C.newspaper
D.guidebook
3.(2015年泰安卷)My hometown is becom-ing more and more beautiful with trees and flow-ers on______sides of the road.
A.all
B.both
C.neither
D.either
4.(2015年德州卷)We will have to set off_______to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow morn-ing.
A.early
B.quietly
C.slowly
D.politely
5.(2015年安徽卷)The running water makes the stones______very smooth.
A.sound
B.taste
C.smell
D.feel
6.(2015年德州卷)If overweight people eat less and take more exercise,they'll soon feel much
A.fatter
B.older
C.bigger
D.healthier
7.(2015年龙岩卷)-I saw Jane on the street just now.
-It______be her.She went back to Canada yesterday.
A.can't
B.mustn't
C.needn't
【解析】
1.B。根据“冬冷夏热”的气候常识,本题应选择summer表示“重庆的夏天真的很热”。
2.C。The New York Times(《纽约时报》)是报纸名,因此应选择newspaper。即使不知道The New York Times的意思,我们也可以根据daily(每日的)判断,每天都出版的出版物应该是“报纸”,此为常识。
3.B。根据常识可知,一河两岸,一路两边。both sides表示“两边”,either表示“两边中的任何一边”。本题空格后是sides of the road,因此应选择both表示“(马路的)两边”。
4.Ao to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow mormng的意思是“避免明天早晨的交通拥堵”。根据常识,为了避免早晨的交通拥堵,我们不得不“早点儿”动身,因此应选择early。
5.D。按照常识,石头是不是光滑的,不是我们能听出来的,也不是尝出来的或闻到的,而是“摸上去感觉到的”,因此本题应选择feel。
6.D。if从句的意思是“如果(体重)超重的人少吃多运动”。按常识推理,超重的人少吃多运动后会觉得身体“更健康”,因此应选择healthier。
7. A。“She went back to Canada yesterday.”的意思是“她昨天回加拿大了”。根据常识,一个人不可能同时出现在两个不同的地方,因此本题应选择can't,表示“那个人不可能是她”。
三、根据语义逻辑判断
不少英语单项选择题,通常为选择正确答案提供了比较明显的语义信息。这类试题常以短语、情态动词、并列连词、从属连词、副词、名词、比较等级等为考查点。解答这类题目,通常可以采用对照语义信息进行逻辑推理的方法,从而得出正确答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年龙岩卷)In parts of India,people use their fingers to____the food.
A.send up
B.build up
C.pick up
2.(2015年德州卷)-Mr.Wang,must I come again to clean the classroom on Sunday?
-No,you____.I have asked Kate to do it.
A.can't
B.mustn't
C.needn't
D.shouldn't
3.(2015年德州卷)When I got to the bus stop,I missed the early bus and I had to____the next one.
A.give up
B.keep off
C.call off
D.wait for
4.(2015年杭州卷)Harry's been driving all day-he____be tired.
A.need
B.can
C.shall
D.must
5.(2015年杭州卷)We didn't enjoy the day_____the weather was so bad.
A.because
B.though
C.unless
D.till
6.(2015年重庆A卷)Dave really likes driv-ing.I think being a_____is just right for him.
A.doctor
B.teacher
C.farmer
D.driver
7.(2015年资阳卷)We stopped____,but there was not any sound.
A.to listen
B.listens
C.listen
D.listening
8.(2015年重庆B卷)I could____hear what you said just now.Could you please say that again?
A.sometimes
B.always
C.hardly
D.clearly
9.(2015年重庆B卷)I always believe that_______is difficult if we try our best to do it.
A.something
B.anything
C.everything
D.nothing
10.(2015年南京卷)Lisa was still very weak when she left hospital.But after a week's rest,she felt much____and went back to school.
A.good
B.better
C.bad
D.worse
【解析】
1.Co use their fingers to…的意思是“用手指(去做某事)”,由于空格后是the food,根据语义逻辑判断,应选择pick up表示“用手指抓取食物”。
2.Co“I have asked Kate to do it.”的意思是“我已经请凯特做过了”。因此,根据语义逻辑判断,应选择needn't表示“不必”。
3.D。“I missed the early bus…”的意思是“我没赶上早班公交车”。按语义逻辑判断,没赶上就要“等”下一班车,因此应选择wait for。
4. Do“Harry's been driving all day…”的意思是“哈里已经开了一整天车了”。据此语义逻辑判断,他“一定”很累了,因此应选择must表示推测。
5.A。句意为:我们玩得不尽兴是因为天气太糟糕。因此应选择because引导原因状语从句the weather was so bad。
6.D。driver是名词,意为“驾驶员、司机”;drive是动词,意为“驾驶、开车”。前一句“Dave really likes driving…”的意思是“戴夫真的喜欢开车”,根据语义逻辑推理,后一句应选择driver,句意为“我认为,他正适合当一名司机”。
7.A。but there was not any sound的意思是“但是没有任何声响”。据此语义逻辑判断,在这之前我们的动作时“停下来听听有什么声音”,因此应选择to listen。stop to do sth.表示“停下来去做另一件事”;stop doing sth.表示“停下正在做的事”。
8.C。根据“Could you please say that again?”一句可以判断,前一句说的应该是“我几乎没有听到你刚才说的话”,因此应选择hardly表示否定概念,意思是“几乎不、简直不”。
9.D。if we try our best to do it是条件状语从句,意思是“如果我们尽力去做”。按照此语义逻辑推理,本题应选择nothing。句意为:我一直认为,如果我们尽力去做,就没有什么难事。
10.B。根据and went back to school的语义逻辑判断,丽莎休息一个星期后身体应该是“好多了”,因此应选择better,其前用much表示程度。全句意思是:丽莎出院时身体还很虚弱,但休息一个星期后她感觉好多了,并回学校上课了。
四、根据句型结构判断
考查句型的中考单选题,主要针对“祈使句+and/or…”结构、“It is+形容词+(for sb.)+不定式”结构、“主语+谓语+so/such…+that从句”结构、“It takes/took/will take(sb.)some time to do sth.”句型、there be句型、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、感叹句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句等设题。解答考查句型的单选题时,首先要辨明题目考查的是什么句型,然后根据该句型的常规结构来选择正确答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年杭州卷)The woman______is the most important in my life is my mother.
A.which
B.who
C.whom
D.what
2.(2015年广州卷)The stories____werewritten by Mark Twain are often humorous.
A.that
B.those
C.who
D.what
3.(2015年福州卷)-lt will______only about 50 minutes to travel to Mount Wuyi by high-speed railway.
-Wow,how exciting!I can't wait.
A.take
B.spend
C.cost
4.(2015年龙岩卷)-Cross the road careful-ly,______you will keep yourself safe.
-OK,I will.
A.or
B.and
C.but
5.(2015年德州卷)You'd better wake up Tom at 6:30,____he will be late for the match.
A.if
B.or
C.and
D.but
6.(2015年广州卷)Could you tell me_____ a moment ago?
A.what were they talking about
B.what are they talking about
C.what they were talking about
D.what they are talking about
7.(2015年安徽卷)Drive slowly,Mary.____is something ahead ori the road.
A.It
B.This
C.That
D.There
8.(2015年南充卷)It's necessary for us_____English well.
A.to learn
B.learning
C.learn
D.learns
9.(2015年益阳卷)-It's Father's Day to-day,____?
-Yes,let's buy a gift for Dad.
A.isn't he
B.doesn't it
C.isn't it
10. (2015年重庆A卷)Julie didn't leaveher office______the police arrived.
A.however
B.Whenever
C.while
D.until
【解析】
1.B。分析句子结构可以看出,“The wom-an…is my mother.”是该句的主体结构,空格后应是定语从句。由于woman是“人”,is the most important in my life前缺少的是定语从句的主语,因此应选择关系代词who来引导这个定语从句。
2.A。分析句子结构可以看出,“The stories…are often humorous.”是该句的主体结构,空格后应是定语从句。由于stories是“物”,were written by Mark Twain前缺少的是定语从句的主语,因此应选择关系代词Chat来引导这个定语从句。
3.A。本句属于“It takes/took/will take(sb.)some time to do sth.”句型,表示“(某人)花费多长时间去做某事”,因此应选择take。
4.B。分析句子结构可以看出,本句是“祈使句+and…”结构。在这种句式结构中,祈使句表达的意思相当于if引导的条件状语从句,and表达的意思是“这样你就会/能……”。本句意思是“如果小心过马路,你就能保证自身安全”,因此应选择and。
5.B。本句属于“祈使句+or…”结构。句意为:你最好六点半就醒来,否则的话你参加比赛就迟到了。因此应选择or。
6.C。本句空格处缺少的是宾语从句。根据英语语法规则,宾语从句要用陈述语序。由于空格后有表示过去时间的状语a moment ago,因此本题应填what they were talking about。
7.D。分析句子结构可以看出,本句属于there be句型,即is something ahead on the road前缺少的是引导词,因此应选择there,表示“前面的路上有个东西”。
8.A。本句属于“It is+形容词+(for sb.)+不定式”句型,空格处缺少的是带to的不定式,因此应选择to learn。
9.C。本题考查的是反意疑问句。前面陈述部分中的It's是It is的缩略式,后面疑问部分的主语要与it保持吻合,谓语要与is保持吻合;又由于前面的陈述部分是肯定形式,疑问部分便要用否定形式,即isn't it。
10.D。本句是not…until…结构。句意为:直到警察赶来,朱莉才离开她的办公室。
五、根据固定搭配判断
英语中有不少固定用法,尤其是固定短语。此外,一些连词、介词、动词、数词、形容词等也有其固定表达法。解答这类试题时,只要按照它们的固定搭配和用法规则进行选择,通常都不会出错。
【考例】
1.(2015年杭州卷)I really need to take more exercise because I'm_____weight.
A.putting off
B.putting on
C.putting down
D.putting away
2.(2015年自贡卷)-Do you think our bas-ketball team will win the match?
-Yes,we have better players.So I____them to win.
A.hope
B.help
C.expect
3.(2015年福州卷)______my cousln is very young,_______she can help with the housework.
A.Once;不填
B.Though;but
C.Although;不填
4.(2015年重庆A卷)A terrible earthquake happened in Nepal____April 25th,2015.
A.on
B.in
C.at
D.from
5.(2015年重庆A卷)I will try my best to stop my son from_____the same mistake.
A.make
B.made
C.makes
D.ma.king
6.(2015年广州卷)-_____will the invita-tions be sent to our guests?
-In three days.
A.How often
B.How soon
C.How long
D.How far
7.(2015年重庆B卷)It is reported that over eight____people lost their lives in the earth-quake in Nepal this year.
A.thousand
B.thousands
C.thousand of
D.thousands of
【解析】
1.B。put on weight属于固定短语,意思是“增加体重、发胖”。本句意思是“我真的需要多加锻炼,因为我在发胖”,因此本题应选择putting on。
2.C。虽然hope和expect都有“希望、期望”之意,但表示“希望某人做某事”时,通常不用hope sb. to do sth.结构,而是用expect sb.to do sth.结构。
3.C。although和though的意思都是“虽然、尽管”,都能引导从句表示“让步”。这两个词引导从句时,都不与but连用。
4.A。“April 25th,2015”属于具体日期,前面要与介词on连用。
5.D。stop sb.from doing sth.意为“阻止某人做某事”。本句的意思是:我要尽自己最大的努力,阻止我的儿子犯同样的错误。
6.B。当答语是“in+时间段”时,问句用how soon提问,意思是“多久以后”。本段对话的答语是In three days,因此应选择How soon完成问句。针对时间的问答用语比较:how often就时间频度提问,答语可以是often、every month、three times a day等;how long就时间长度提问,答语可以是three days、a century、for more than a year等。
7.A。当前面有表示具体数量的词修饰时,hundred、thousand和million不能用复数形式。
六、根据语境判断
在解答单项选择题时我们必须根据具体的语境来判断答案,对于考查交际用语的试题更是如此。英语交际用语的答语,通常有一定的“套路”。例如:当对方夸奖你的孩子或称赞你时,你要用“谢谢”作答;当听到对方说“我已经获奖了”,你要说“祝贺你”。由于考查交际用语的试题绝大部分都是针对答语来设置选项,因此我们解题时必须首先仔细推敲,然后根据具体语境选择正确答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年三亚卷)-My mother has been ill for several days.
—_______.
A.That's too bad
B.How terrible
C.I'm sorrv to hear that
2.(2015年资阳卷)-John,thank you for driving me home.
_____.See you tomorrow.
A.That's right
B.I'm afraid not
C.You're welcome
D.It's a good idea
3.(2015年龙岩卷)-We'll studv in differ-ent schools next term.Enjoy your time in the new school.
A.The same to you.
B.Me too.
C.Congratulationsl
4.(2015年杭州卷)-Tomorrow I'nl going on holiday.
_______! But I'll be busy.
A.Thank you
B.Lucky you
C.After you
D.Mind you
5.(2015年重庆A卷)-Our basketball team will beat theirs and win the m atch.
_____.Your team is the best in our city.
A.I'm afraid not
B.I believe so
C.Of course not
D.Well done
6.(2015年安徽卷)-I will have an impor-tant match tomorrow.I hope l will win.
-______.
A.Good luck
B.No idea
C.That's such a pity
D.It's all right
7.(2015年安徽卷)-Would you like to play football after school?
________.I have a lot of homework to do.
A.I'm afraid not
B.Enjoy yourself
C.Take your time
D.It takes no time
8.(2015年汕尾卷)-Tomorrow my parents will take me to Hong Kong Disneyland.
A.Best wishes to you!
B.It's a good idea.
C.Have a good dayl
D.Good luck to you!
9.(2015年益阳卷)-Are you sure you can do we]l in today's test,Lily?
—______.I have got everything ready.
A.It's hard to say
B.I'm afraid not
C.I think so
10. (2015年德州卷)-Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?
-________.
A.Yes,it's true
B.You really do
C.It's upstairs
D.Yes.I'd love to
【解析】
1.C。当听到对方说“我母亲病了好几天了”,正确的应答应该是“听到这个消息我很难过”,即“I'm sorry to hear that.”。
2.C。对方说的是“谢谢你开车送我回家”,回答应该是“不用谢”,因此本题应选择C项。
3.A。对方说的是“下学期我们将在不同的学校里学习。祝你在新的学校里过得愉快”,针对此语境,回答应该是“也祝你过得愉快”,因此本题应选择“The same to you.”。
4.B。对方说的是“我明天去度假”。如果仅针对此语境,回答应该是“祝你玩得愉快”;但由于答语中有“But I'll be busy(可我将会很忙).”,本题就只能选择“Lucky you!”表示“你真幸运”。
5.B。对方说的是“我们的篮球队将战胜他们,赢得比赛”,针对此语境,并结合答语中“Your team is the best in our city.”的意思判断,应选择“I believe so.”表示“我相信你们队会赢得比赛”。
6.A。对方说的是“明天我有一场重要的比赛,我希望我能赢”。针对此语境,回答应该是“祝你好运”,因此本题应选择“Good luck.”。
7.A。对方说的是“放学后我们一起踢足球好吗”,如果接受这个邀请,答语可以是“Yes,I'd like to.”。但由于答语中有“I have a lot of homework to do.”,本题只能选择“I'm afraid not.”表示婉言谢绝对方的邀请。
8.C。对方说的是“明天我父母亲将带我去香港迪斯尼乐园玩”,针对此语境,回答应该是“祝你玩得愉快”,因此本题应选择“Have a good dayl”。
9.C。对方问的是“莉莉,今天的考试你有把握考得好吗”,针对此语境,并结合答语中“Ihave got everything ready.”的意思判断,本题应选择“I think so.”表示“我认为我会考得好”。
10.D。对方说的是“明天晚上来吃饭好吗”,针对这个邀请,并对照所给四个选项的内容判断,本题只能选择“Yes,I'd love to.”表示接受此邀请。
自我检测:
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.-______English-Chinese Dictionary?Is it yours,Linda?
-No.Mine is in my desk.
A.Who's
B.Who is
C.Whose
D.Who has
2.“I”______the ninth of the twenty-six Eng-lish letters.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.was
3. -_____milk glasses can you see in the picture?
-Sorry,I can't see any.
A.How far
B.How much
C.How long
D.How many
4.-What do you think of the story about Monkey King?
-lt's very interesting.It is well worth_____.
A.listening
B.listening to
C.to listen
D.to listen to
5.-I feel really sleepy,Mr.Black.
A.I'm sorry to hear that.
B.You'd better work harder.
C.Why not have a rest?
D.Lucky you!
6. -You______wash your shoes,my boy.
-But I _ do it, Mum. They are not dirty.
A.must;mustn't
B.must;needn't
C.mustn't;needn't
D.need;mustn't
7.Excuse me,could you please_______?
A.tell me how can I get to the post office
B.tell me that how I can get to the post office
C.show me the way to the post office
D.show me how could I get to the post office
8.-What is your elder brother going to do after he_____middle school this summer?
-He is going to work in a supermarket.
A.will finish
B.finishes
C.finished
D.finish
9.-______is my classmate Kate,Mum.
-Welcome to our home,Kate.
A.It
B.That
C.He
D.This
10.I want to travel to many countries Australia,England and France.
A.likes
B.like
C.look like
D.looks like
11.-Do you have_____to do this after-noon?
-No,I have_____on.Let's go swimming,shall we?
A.something;something
B.anything;nothing
C.everything;nothing
D.anything;anything
12.-Why don't you go_____with your wife?
-She doesn't want to go with me!
A.hike
B.hikes
C.hiking
D.to hiking
13.When my teacher saw me in the street,he stopped_____a talk with me.
A.had
B.to have
C.having
D.to having
14.-Smoking is bad for your health,daddy.Why don't you stop doing it?
-I agree_____you, but I can't___.
A.to;give it up
B.with;give it up
C.on;give up it
D.for;give up it
15.-Is your father going for the spring jour-ney with you?
-______.He may not have the time.
A. No,he isn't
B.Yes,he is
C.That depends
D.Certainly he will
Key:
1-5 CBDBC
6-10 BCBDB
11-15 BCBBC