分层解读文本 专练“语法填空”

河南 庞先庆

分层解读文本 专练“语法填空”

河南 庞先庆

新《英语课程标准》对高中生文本阅读能力提出了更高的要求，对该能力的考查成为各项英语测试的重要组成。就全国新课标卷来说，第Ⅱ卷中的“语法填空”连同“短文改错”和“书面表达”使整个试卷考查形式由“句子层次”提升到了“文本语篇层次”，考查考生词汇、语法和语用知识在语篇中的运用能力，这从另一个侧面反映了高考对考生能力要求逐步提高的趋势，从而进一步加大了文本阅读理解的重要性。本文拟结合河南省教育科学“十二五”规划〔2015〕-JKGHYB-1155课题所倡导的“三维文本阅读策略”，特别是文本分层深度解读理念，以“语法填空”型阅读文本分层解读、题目设计为例，探讨如何通过自主学习开展英语文本深度解读。

Passage 1

新鲜度★★★☆☆话题科技关键词Wi-Fi service体裁说明文短文词数213建议时间7分钟正确率/10★★难度★★★

China Eastern Airlines 1 （receive）approval from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to provide in-flight Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes.

The carrier becomes China’s first airline company to provide Wi-Fi service for both domestic and international flights. Passengers 2 （leave）for New York，Los Angeles，San Francisco，Toronto，Beijing and Guangzhou will have access 3 the Wi-Fi service through a telecommunication satellite.

The flights will begin to provide the service in one month after operational 4 （prepare）. The Wi-Fi service will be free in the 21 airplanes at the beginning， 5 a charge list is now under discussion.

The company plans to put in Wi-Fi service 6 （equip）in all airplanes by 2017～2018. Other carriers in China，such as Air China and Hainan Airlines also have been following this attempt in some of 7 flights during the past few years.

Industry experts note that 8 approval for the Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes is a trial for commercial in-flight Internet service operations in China.

Aviation business staff say that China has the potential to become the world’s 9 （large）aviation market， 10 is likely to create tens of billions of yuan in profit in the aviation Internet business.

【文章出处】http：//sky.news.sina.com.cn/2015-06-01/ 121359591.html

http：//www.enread.com/news/life/100884.html

【New Words】approval n.批准 aviation n.航空

【文本导读】中国东方航空公司（China Eastern Airlines）获工信部批准在21架航班上提供舱内Wi-Fi服务，成为全国首家同时向国内、国际航班旅客提供“空中上网”服务的航空公司。

【文题析读】

1. has received。考查谓语动词时态。根据句意“中国东方航空公司已经获工信部批准，同意其在21架飞机上提供‘空中上网’服务”可知，这里应用现在完成时。

2. leaving。考查非谓语动词。本句句子的主要成分完整，“passengers”是主语，“will have”是谓语，“access”是宾语。根据句子结构可知，这里应填现在分词leaving作定语，修饰主语“passengers”。

3. to。考查介词。have access to sth.是常见搭配，表示“有机会或权利利用某物”。

4. preparations。考查名词。根据空格前面的形容词“operational”可知，该空格处应填名词，prepare的名词形式是preparation，且常使用其复数形式。

5. but。考查连词。根据句意可知，空白处前后分句之间是转折关系。

6. equipment。考查名词。根据句意“到2017年至2018年，东航计划完成全机队硬件改装”可知，空格处应填名词，equip的名词形式是equipment，且equipment是不可数名词。

7. their。考查代词。根据句子结构可知，空格处后面的“flights”是属于“Hainan Airlines”的，二者之间是所有关系。

8. the。考查冠词。根据上下文可知，这里的“approval”是特指，故其前面应使用定冠词。

9. largest。考查形容词最高级。根据句意“中国有能力成为世界上最大的航空市场” 可知，空格处应填形容词large的最高级形式。

10. which。考查关系词。“ 10 is likely to create tensof billions of yuan in profit in the aviation Internet business”是非限制性定语从句，先行词为空格前的“market”。故应用关系代词which。

【难句解读】

原文：The Wi-Fi service will be free in the 21 airplanes at the beginning，but a charge list is now under discussion.

译文：刚开始时，21架飞机免费提供“空中上网”服务，不过收费清单正在讨论。

分析：这是一个由but连接的转折并列复合句。后一个分句中的“under discussion”是固定表达，意为“正在被讨论中”。

Passage 2

交往关键词 naked marriage体裁议论文短文词数 210建议时间7分钟正确率/10新鲜度★★★☆☆难度★★★☆☆话题人际

In recent years，a new idea called a “naked marriage”has arisen 1 the cost of living goes up. It has become a new trend for many young people in China. With a small marriage certificate in hand，they get 2 （marry）. And for the couples in a naked marriage，this certifi cate also 3 （contain）other meanings.

A resident from Chengdu said，“There are many people like us born in 4 80’s. Our families cannot afford 5（buy）us new apartments，cars，let alone diamond rings. I think that’s very normal for regular families. We must rely 6 our own to make a better future for ourselves.”

A graduate student of Sichuan University，said，“The most important is love. I believe our living conditions will 7 （gradual）get better.”

Some professors say a “naked marriage” is in sharp contradiction with China’s 8 （tradition）marriage customs. 9 ，as living costs continue to rise，this phenomenon will likely become more popular in the future.

But not all people have a positive opinion of naked marriages. According to a survey conducted by sohu.com，only about 40 percent of the 3 500 people surveyed liked the idea of a naked marriage. About 80 percent of men supported naked marriages，while 70 percent of 10 （woman）did not support the idea because they thought these marriages would not be stable.

【文章出处】http：//english.cntv.cn/program/china24/ 20130104/107753.shtml

【New Words】naked adj.裸的 certificate n.证书 phenomenon n.现象

【文本导读】由于生活压力以及现代人越来越强调婚姻的“自由”和“独立”，“婚礼”在年轻一代的婚姻中被重视的程度日益削弱，因而“裸婚”就成为一部分年轻人最新潮的结婚方式。

【文题析读】

1. as。考查连词。从属连词as引导时间状语从句，意为“随着……”。

2. married。考查过去分词。get married意为“结婚”，过去分词作表语。

3. contains。考查谓语动词。由上下文可知，空格处应用一般现在时，且主语为第三人称单数，故谓语动词加-s。

4. the。考查冠词。the 80’s相当于“the 1980’s”，意为“二十世纪八十年代”。

5. to buy。考查不定式。afford to buy意为“能买得起”，用动词不定式作afford的宾语。

6. on。考查介词。rely on意为“依靠”，为固定搭配。

7. gradually。考查副词。空格处修饰谓语动词，作状语。故应用副词形式gradually。

8. traditional。考查形容词。此处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词“marriage customs”。

9. However。考查逻辑关系。此处表示转折关系，句意为：“裸婚”与传统相悖，然而，随着生活成本不断增加，这种现象会越来越普遍。

10. women。考查名词复数。这里表示“70%的女性”，故应用名词的复数形式。

【难句解读】

原文：About 80 percent of men supported naked marriages，while 70 percent of women did not support the idea because they thought these marriages would not be stable.

译文：大约80%的男性支持裸婚，而70%的女性不支持裸婚，因为她们认为这些婚姻会不稳定。

分析：本句是一个由while连接的表示对比关系的并列句；第二个分句是一个由because连接的主从复合句。

Passage 3

情况关键词 Xiong Chaozhong体裁记叙文短文词数 158建议时间5分钟正确率/10新鲜度★★★☆☆难度★★★☆☆话题个人

Xiong Chaozhong——My Favourite Star

Xiong Chaozhong，born on Oct.3，1982 in Wenshan，Yunnan， 1 a 1.55-metre-tall China’s professional boxer.

Xiong used to be a miner 2 （work）very hard for a living for many years， 3 made him very strong. He began his boxing career in 2006. Two years later he took part in a boxing competition 4 the first time.

After his 6-years’ training，the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition 5 （hold）at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012，becoming China’s first international boxing champion. As a result he is regarded as “Little Tyson” in China.

As is said， 6 success was a good start to him. Now，inspired by the achievement，Xiong makes up his 7 to win more titles in the future.

Xiong has set an excellent example to 8 of us. His story tells us that we should try 9 best to overcome any 10 （difficult）in life.

【文章出处】http：//www.ynci.cn/html/2012/headline_ 1202/7475.html

【New Words】professional adj.专业的，职业的gymnasium n.健身房，体育馆

【文本导读】熊朝忠，一个矿洞坑里成长起来的穷孩子，为了生活和梦想而走上职业拳击之路，被称为 “中国小泰森”“中国男子职业拳击第一人”。

【文题析读】

1. is。考查谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，这里应填系动词，构成主系表结构。

2. working。考查非谓语动词。现在分词working 作定语，修饰“miner”。

3. which。考查关系词。“ 3 made him very strong”是非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的整个句子。故应用关系代词which。

4. for。考查介词。for the first time是固定词组，意为“第一次”。

5. held。考查非谓语动词。过去分词held作定语，修饰“competition”，表示完成和被动。

6. the。考查冠词。根据上下文，空格后的“success”是特指，故其前面应使用定冠词。

7. mind。考查名词。make up one’s mind是固定词组，意为“决心”。

8. all。考查代词。all of us意为“我们大家”。

9. our。考查代词。try one’s best意为“尽力”。根据上文中的“us”和“we”可知，one’s的人称和数应和us和we保持一致。

10. difficulty。考查名词。difficult的名词形式是difficulty。

【难句解读】

原文：After his 6-years’ training，the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition held at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012，becoming China’s first international boxing champion.

译文：经过六年训练，熊朝忠赢得了2012年11月24日在昆明体育馆举办的世界拳击理事会（WBC）的轻量级的比赛，成为中国第一名国际拳击冠军。

分析：这是一个简单句，“the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition”是句子的主干，“held at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012”和“becoming China’s first international boxing champion”是非谓语动词短语，分别作定语和结果状语。

Passage 4

职业关键词 application体裁说明文短文词数 220建议时间7分钟正确率/10新鲜度★★★★☆难度★★★★☆话题工作与

Interviewer：Hello!

Interviewee：Hello! Glad to meet you.

Interviewer：Tell me something about 1 ，please.

Interviewee：My name is Wan Mei and I’m a college student， 2 （major）in Public Administration. I like travelling and enjoy sports.

Interviewer：Your application form 3 （say）you were out of school for half a year during high school. What was the reason？Were you ill？

Interviewee：Oh，no. My father’s job 4 （take）him to America for six months then，and he decided to take the family along.

Interviewer：So during that time you went to high school in the United States？

Interviewee：Yes，it was just for 5 few months. I attended Johnson High School in Chicago.

Interviewer：Tell me 6 you are interested in working for this company， 7 you？

Interviewee：I think working in this company would give me the best opportunity to use 8 I’ve learned at college. I think this company has a great future. So for a long time I’ve been thinking I’d like 9 （work）for this company.

Interviewer：Have you ever worked during your university days？

Interviewee：Yes. I worked 10 a teacher to teach a middle school student English.

Interviewer：There’s a good chance for you to come to work for this company. Thank you for coming. Goodbye!

Interviewee：Goodbye!

【文章出处】http：//www.gzu521.com/campus/article/ english/200608/83692_3.htm

http：//www.hbrc.com/rczx/news-1132541.html

【New Words】administration n.管理，经营，行政部门 application n.请求，申请 major vi.主修

【文本导读】大学生就业时，面试是一个非常重要的过程。在求职过程中注意一些基本技巧，能够事半功倍，增强面试的有效性。

【文题析读】

1. yourself。考查代词。根据下文内容可知，此处是要求面试者进行自我介绍，所以填yourself。

2. majoring。考查非谓语动词。现在分词majoring作定语，修饰“student”，与“student”之间是逻辑上的主动关系。

3. says。考查谓语动词。说话人看到申请表上“写着”，是现在存在的状态，因此用一般现在时。

4. took。考查谓语动词。根据上下文提示，这里是在谈论“当初”的事情，因此要用一般过去时。

5. a。考查冠词。a few months意为“几个月”。

6. why。考查宾语从句。下文的回答解释了求职者想在这家公司工作的原因，故应填why进行提问。

7. will。考查情态动词。祈使句的反义疑问部分，一般用will you。

8. what。考查连接词。what引导宾语从句，同时在从句中作“learned”的宾语。

9. to work。考查非谓语动词。考查“would like to do”的固定用法。

10. as。考查介词。work as...意为“职业是……”。

【难句解读】

原文：There’s a good chance for you to come to work for this company.

译文：有一个你来这家公司工作的好机会。

分析：这是一个there be句型的简单句，“for you to come to work for this company”是不定式作定语，修饰句子主语“chance”。

Passage 5

新鲜度★★★☆☆难度★★★☆☆话题学校生活关键词test体裁说明文短文词数 230建议时间6分钟正确率/10

Tracy：Mum，that smells good. But Alice，I thought you don’t like coffee.

Alice：I don’t 1 （especial）like it，but I have to stay up late tonight. I think having some coffee will keep me awake. Would you like some？

Tracy：OK! And where are Catherine and Sherry？

Alice：I don’t think they’ll come back tonight. They 2 （have）a final review for tomorrow’s test.

Tracy：Will it last all night？

Alice：Probably not，but our dorm 3 at 11：00. If they don’t come back now，they will have to stay out overnight. But don’t worry about them；they know how 4（take）care of themselves.

Tracy：If they don’t get enough sleep tonight， 5 can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow？

Alice：I heard that one of their classmates 6 （get）a copy of last year’s test. Everyone thinks that the same questions 7 （ask）again on this year’s test. So，working out the answers is much more 8 （importance）than sleeping.

Tracy：I hope they are right about that. Otherwise，they’ll be in trouble.

Alice：You seem to have good 9 （prepare）for all your tests. And I still have to go over these two chapters. Otherwise，I won’t be able to sleep well tonight. I’m sorry that I have to keep my light 10 .

Tracy：Don’t worry about it. I can put on my eye-covers. Good night!

【文章出处】http：//www.etweb.fju.edu.tw/tracy/speaking/

【New Words】chapter n.（书籍）章

【文本导读】你可能是一个一听到“考试”两个字，就会手心冒汗的人。这里的对话提供了一些办法帮你应对如何准备考试。

【文题析读】

1. especially。考查副词。空格处要填的词用来修饰动词like，所以此处要填其副词形式especially。

2. are having。考查谓语动词。句意为：我认为他们今晚不会来了，他们正在为明天的考试复习。所以此处要用are having表示动作正在进行。

3. closes。考查谓语动词。该句表示动作经常发生，所以应用一般现在时态，根据主谓一致原则及空格处的句意可知，此处应填closes。注意此处dorm不表示动作的发出者，所以不用被动语态。

4. to take。考查不定式。此处用疑问副词加动词不定式“to take”作动词know的宾语。

5. how。考查疑问句。句意为：如果他们今晚没有充足的睡眠，他们如何在明天的考试中有足够的精力呢？前一分句提出假设，后一分句用how表示反问。

6. got。考查谓语动词。由“heard”可判断动作发生在过去，所以此处要用一般过去时态的got。

7. will be asked。考查谓语动词。此处用将来时态的被动语态will be asked表示“大家都认为今年试卷上的考题将会与去年的一样”。

8. important。考查形容词。此处考查比较级用法“more+形容词原级+than”，故应填important。

9. preparations。考查名词。本句中的“good”修饰限定名词，故此处用prepare的名词形式preparation。good preparations表示“充分准备”。

10. on。考查介词。从前面的“I still have to go over these two chapters. Otherwise，I won’t be able to sleep well tonight”可知，Alice要复习功课，因此她要开着灯，此处应用“leave my ligh on”结构。

【难句解读】

原文：If they don’t get enough sleep tonight，how can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow？

译文：如果他们今天晚上得不到充足的睡眠，那他们在明天的考试期间怎么会有足够的精力呢？

分析：本句是一个主从复合句；“how can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow”是主句，“If they don’t get enough sleep tonight”是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。

Passage 6

The Lantern Festival体裁说明文短文词数180建议时间5分钟正确率/10新鲜度★★★☆☆难度★★☆☆☆话题节假日活动关键词

The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. As early as the Western Han Dynasty，it had become a festival with great 1 （important）. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year 2 （celebrate）.

This day’s main activity is watching lanterns. Throughout the Han Dynasty，one emperor heard that Buddhist monks would light lanterns to respect Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month， 3 he ordered the imperial palace and temples to do so on this day. Later，the ceremony developed into a grand festival among common people and 4 influence spread 5 the Central Plains to the whole of China.

Till today，the lantern festival 6 （hold）each year around the country. Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets， 7 （attract）countless visitors.

“Guessing lantern riddles” is 8 necessary part of the Festival. If visitors have right answers to the 9 ，they will get a little gift. As riddle guessing is 10 （interest）and full of wisdom，it has become popular among all people.

【文章出处】http：//www.china.org.cn/english/features/ Festivals/78320.htm

【New Words】The Lantern Festival元宵节 Buddhist adj.佛教的 imperial adj.皇帝的

【文本导读】中国的传统节日形式多样，内容丰富，是我们中华民族悠久的历史文化的一个组成部分。每年农历的正月十五，春节刚过，迎来的就是汉族传统节日——元宵节。元宵节作为一个传统节日，人们有着各种各样的风俗习惯去庆祝。现在，让我们一起走进元宵节。

【文题析读】

1. importance。考查名词。根据前面的介词“with”和形容词“great”可知，这里应该填important的名词形式importance。

2. celebrations。考查名词。the Chinese New Year celebrations意为“新年庆祝活动”。

3. so。考查连词。根据句子前后之间的关系可知，这是一个因果关系的并列复合句，故应填并列连词so。

4. its/the。考查冠词或代词。 这里的inf l uence实际上是指“the ceremony”的影响，故此处应填定冠词the或its。

5. from。考查介词。from与to连用，表示“从……到……”。

6. is held。考查谓语动词。本句缺少谓语，且“the lantern festival”与“hold”之间是被动关系，根据“each year”可知，此处应用一般现在时。

7. attracting。考查非谓语动词。attracting作结果状语。

8. a。考查冠词。这里表示泛指，“necessary”是辅音开头的词语，所以应用不定冠词a修饰。

9. riddles。考查逻辑关系。根据上文可知，这里应填riddles。

10. interesting/of interest。考查形容词。interesting作表语，相当于“of interest”。

【难句解读】

原文：Throughout the Han Dynasty，one emperor heard that Buddhist monks would light lanterns to respect Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month，so he ordered the imperial palace and temples to do so on this day.

译文：在汉代，一位皇帝听说僧侣在正月十五常常燃灯敬佛，于是他下令宫廷和寺院在正月十五这天都要挂灯。

分析：整体上，本句是一个由so连接的有因果关系的并列复合句。其中，第一个分句含有一个that引导的从句，作heard的宾语。

（此文系河南省教育科学“十二五”规划2015年度立项课题《新课标下高中英语文本三维教学策略的研究与实践》<课题编号：〔2015〕-JKGHYB-1155，主持人：庞先庆>的终期运用性研究成果）

（作者单位：河南省镇平县雪枫中学）