聚焦表示让步、目的、原因、结果的状语从句
2016-04-11安徽省怀远一中陈兴艳
安徽省怀远一中 陈兴艳
聚焦表示让步、目的、原因、结果的状语从句
安徽省怀远一中 陈兴艳
状语从句是运用从属连词引导的从句在句子中作状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词等。可以置于句尾或句首，置于句首时常用逗号与主句隔开。本文重点解读其中表示让步、目的、原因、结果的状语从句。
一、让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词常用的有though/although，even if/even though，no matter+wh-（who，what/when/where/which...）/Wh-（what/when/wherever/who/how...）+ever，whether...or...不管……还是……等等。
1.though/although
though/although意思是“尽管、纵使”，不与but连用，可与作为副词的yet，still连用。如：
She pretended to be angry though she was by heart very glad.
尽管她内心十分高兴，她却装作生气的样子。
Mr.Hall understands that although the problem has always been easy for him，it is not easy for the students.
2.even if/even though
even if/even though意思是“即使”，注意与表示“似乎、好像”的as if/as though的词义区别。如：
We won't give up even if we could fail 10 times.
Even though she likes chatting，she is careful about making friends with strangers online.
尽管喜欢聊天，她还是对网上交友十分慎重。
3.no matter+wh-/wh-ever
no matter+wh-/Wh-ever意思是“无论”，通常wh-基本保留原词义。wh-+ever还可以引导主语从句、宾语从句等名词性从句，而no matter+wh-不可以。如：
However/No matter how amusing the story is，I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.无论这个故事多么有趣，我这周都必须把它收起来，我要专心致志学习。
No matter what/Whatever your first language is，you should treasure it all your life.不论你的第一语言是什么，你一生都应珍惜。
4.whether...or...
whether...or...意思是“不管……还是……”其中的whether不可以用if。如：
—Dad，I've finished my assignment.
—Good，and whether you play or watch TV，you mustn't disturb me.
——爸爸，我作业做完了。
——好的，不管你是玩还是看电视，记得一定不能打扰我。
二、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词常用有so that“以便……”/in order that“为了……”/in case“以免、万一，为了避免”等。句中往往会用一些相关的情态动词来加以说明。如：
1.so that/in order that
so that/in order that引导目的状语从句时，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则可以分别与so as to和in order to转换。如：
We will tell you everything about it soon so that（in order that）you can prepare for that.
不久我们将会让你知道详情，以便你能够做准备。
I'll have to run fast so that/in order that I can catch up with them in a short time.
=I'll have to run fast so as to/in order to catch up with them in a short time.
我得快跑以便我能在短时间内赶上他们。
2.in case
in case引导目的状语从句作“以免，以备，以防”等解。如：
He takes a torch in case it gets dark before he returns.
他带了手电筒，以备天黑以后回家之用。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.
请你明天再提醒我一下，免得我忘记。
三、原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词常用有because，since，as，now that。另外还有in that，seeing that。
1.because，since，as
because表示原因语气最强，用法最为广泛，可以用于强调句型，可以放在主句之前或之后；as在表示原因时，语气较强，所引导的从句常放在主句之前，意思是“由于”，把众人所知的事实当作理由；since语气较弱，它所引导的从句一般放在主句之前，意为“既然”，就对方陈述的事实作为理由。如：
The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country.
那个意大利男孩为祖国献出了生命，因此被尊为英雄。
It is because she helped you that I'm prepared to help him.
是因为她曾帮助过你，我才准备帮他的。（强调句型中用because，不用since，as等）
As there was no answer，I decided to write again.因为没有回信，我决定再写一封。
Since everybody knows about it，I don't want to talk any more.
既然大家都知道了这件事，我就不想再说了。
2.now that
now that“既然、由于”，用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推论，与主句的因果关系较小，有时也可以省略that，只用now。如：
Now that you've got a chance，you might as well as make full use of it.既然你有了这样一个机会，还是充分利用这个机会好了。
3.in that/seeing that
都表示 “由于，因为;既然”。一般that不可以引导介词宾语，但是in that看作是固定用法；seeing that实际上是现在分词，但由于that是连词便可以连接句子，从而引导原因状语从句。如：We are lucky in that only the lower fields，which make up a very small part of our farm，are affected by flooding。
我们的运气好，因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。
Seeing that most of us agree to carry out the plan immediately，we had no trouble persuading him.由于大多数都同意立刻执行这个计划，所以我们没费力便说服了他。
注意：for亦可以表示“因为”，语气较弱，表示推断的理由。for实际上是并列连词，不可以置于句首。如：
The oil must be out，for the light was out.想必是没油了，因为灯灭了。（推断的理由，风等也可以导致灯灭）
四、结果状语从句
结果状语从句用so/such...that...引导，表示“如此…以致；结果”，其中的so是副词，修饰形容词或副词，such是形容词，修饰名词，其中so/such所在部分为主句，that后面部分为结果状语从句。常用句型有：
1.so+adj./adv....that/so+adj.+a（an）+n，如：
so修饰的形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数时，作定语的形容词应置于冠词a（an）之前。
It was so cold that we did not want to go out．
It was so cold a day that we did not want to go out．
天太冷了，我们都不想出去。
2.such+a（an）+adj.+n...+that
such后跟可数名词单数带有形容词作定语时，不定冠词要置于形容词前，可以与so+adj+a（an）+n转换。如：
She told us such an interesting story（=so interesting a story）that we all forgot about the time.她给我们讲的那个故事那么有趣，结果大家都忘记了时间。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。
3.such+adj.+n（pl）/n［U］
如果名词是不可数名词或者是可数名词复数，即使前面有形容词修饰，也要用such。如：
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。
4.so many/much/little/few...that...
如果修饰不可数名词的形容词是much/little，修饰可数名词复数的是many/few，则用so。如：
There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.街上有那么多人观看大火，以致于消防队员无法接近大楼。
Can you imagine such little animals can eat so much food？
你能够想象得出这么小的动物却吃了那么多的食物吗？（little此处的意思是“小的”，修饰可数名词，不表示数量，所以按照普通形容词对待，用“such+形容词+复数名词”。后面的形容词much修饰不可数名词food，所以用so）
