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一词多义 义由境生
——关注2015年高考英语“熟词生义”现象

2016-04-08浙江范秀琴

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年1期
关键词:熟词生义多义

浙江 范秀琴

一词多义 义由境生
——关注2015年高考英语“熟词生义”现象

浙江 范秀琴

明明非常眼熟的词,但就是理解不透其含义。因为在此情此景中,这个熟悉的词意义“非凡”,抑或被赋予了常用含义之外的“非主流”意义。这就是英语词汇学习中常见的“熟词生义”现象。2015年高考英语卷中“熟词生义”例题比比皆是。

一、真题回顾

例1【2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ,完形填空】They had begun to integrate( 融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had_54_the day before into their_55(game).

54.A.seen B.known

C.heard D.read

【解析】A。句意为:作者的女儿和她的队友们将前一天所领会到的各种打法以及团队精神融汇到了(今天的)比赛中。see是个多义词。此处,see不是常用的“看见,看望,会见”的意思,而是“领会,理解”的含义。再如:I don’t think shesawthe point of the story.我觉得她没有领会故事的中心意思。see还有“认为,确保,经历,见证,护送”等含义。例如:

Lacking patience is the main problem,as Iseeit.(认为,看待)

Seeeverything is ready by noon.(确保,务必)

My grandpahas seena great deal in his long life.(经历,遭受)

The stadium willseeanother thrilling football game this weekend.(目击,见证,主语常为事件发生的时间或地点)

May Iseeyou home?(送,护送)

例2【2015·北京卷,完形填空】One woman,Mrs.Gilbert,_48_Dario’s mother with a book of piano music by Chopin.

48.A.treated B.presented

C.helped D.served

【解析】B。句意为:Gilbert女士送给Dario的妈妈一本肖邦的钢琴乐谱。常见词present不但一词多义,还一词多性。词性不同,词义有别。它可以作名词,意为“礼物,礼品;目前,现在”。也可以作动词,有“授予,赠予;提出,提交;出示,展现;主持,公演”等含义。还可以作形容词,表示“当前的;出席的”等意思。例如:Apresentcan bepresentedto anyonepresentatpresent.现在每个在场的人都可赠予一份礼物。四个present分别是名词(意为“礼物”)、动词(意为“赠予”)、形容词(意为“在场的”)和名词(意为“当前”)。

例3【2015·浙江卷】Studies have shown that the right and left ear__5_sound differently.

A.produce B.pronounce

C.process D.download

【解析】C。句意为:多项研究表明,左耳和右耳处理声音的方式是不同的。熟词process作名词时, 意为“过程;步骤;做事方法”等,但作动词时,则表示“加工;处理;审核”等含义。例如:

I’m afraid getting things changed will be a slowprocess.(名词:历程,进程)

It’s a normal part of the learningprocess.(名词:过程,步骤)

Most of the food we buyis processedin some way.(动词:处理,加工)

It will take a week for your application tobe processed.(动词:审核,审阅)

由词性转化而衍生的“熟词生义”是2015年浙江省高考英语卷的一个特点,除process外,常见的名词作动词用后,其意义产生变化的“一词多义”的例子还有:

(1)【2015·浙江卷】One of the most effective ways to reduce_15(stress)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.此处,stress作名词,意为“精神压力,紧张”。作名词时,stress还有“强调,重要性;重音,重读”等意思。stress亦可作动词,意为“强调;着重;用重音读”等含义。例如:The teacherstressedthat in“develop”,thestressfalls on the second syllable,while in “envelope”,westressthe first syllable.老师强调说“develop”一词重音在第二音节,而“envelope”一词,第一音节要重读。

(2)【2015·浙江卷,完形填空】In a society that tends to__38(measure_)everything in terms of dollars and cents,we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our _39(decisions_)in financial terms.由语境可知,measure意为“衡量;估量”。作动词用时,常用意思为“测量;量度为”,例如:Theymeasuredthe tall pine tree and itmeasuredas high as 20 meters。若作名词时,通常指“方法;措施”,例如:We are totake immediate measures(采取措施)to solve the problem。此外,measure还有“尺度;计量标准;衡量”等含义。

(3)【2015·浙江卷,阅读理解B篇】A line graph looks similar to a bar graph,but instead of bars,itplotspoints and connects them with a line.此处,plot作动词用,意为“标出;绘制”,而它的常用法是作名词,意为“故事情节;密谋”等。

(4)【2015·浙江卷,阅读理解C篇】Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night:We’veengineeredit to receive us by filling it with light....In most cities the sky looks as though ithas been emptiedof stars,leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)thatmirrorsour fear of the dark.常见名词engineer(工程师)和mirror(镜子)在这里都作了动词,分别意为“精心安排”和“反映;映照”。

(5)【2015·浙江卷,阅读理解D篇】While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots,toscheduleher vet appointments,to feed and clean her,Misty knew this on day one....The walk in the morning before Iheadedto the hospital was a quiet,peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before the day’s medical drama unfolded.句中“schedule”和“head”都作动词用,意为“安排;预定”和“朝(某方向)行进”。作动词用的“head”还有“领导;主管;排在前头”等意思。例如:

She has been appointed toheadthe research team.(领导)

Italyheadsthe table after two games.(位于排行之首)

(6)【2015·浙江卷,任务型阅读】You’ll get in more questions,the discussionwill be tailoredto what you need most help on,and two-party communication is almost always more productive than committee work.作动词用的“tailor”是“专门制作;定做”的意思。

If you’re lucky enough tolandsuch an accommodation,though,be sure you’re 100 percent on time.动词“land”在这里可不是“着陆;降落”的意思,而是意为“成功得到;赢得”。

例4【2015·福建卷】The failure was a big_24_to him,but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.

A.blow B.issue

C.excuse D.factor

【解析】A。句意为:这次失败对他来说是一次沉重的打击,但是他并没有气馁,而是很快就像以前那样充满热情了。blow作名词,本意为“吹;猛击”。此处是引申义“打击;挫折”。多义词blow作动词用时,多层意思会淋漓尽致地体现出来。例如:

Itwas blowinghard.The doorblewopen and the little girlwasalmostblownover.(刮;吹)

At the very moment,the refereeblewhis whistle.(吹奏)

They attempted toblowup the government building.(炸开)

You had your chance and youblewit.(浪费)

One mistake couldblow your cover.(暴露身份)

Blow it! We’ve missed the bus.(感叹语。表示生气、吃惊或不在乎)

例5【2015·天津卷】—Sorry,Liz.I think I was a bit rude to you.

—_1_,but don’t do that again!

A.Go ahead B.Forget it

C.It depends D.With pleasure

【解析】B。“不好意思,Liz。我刚才对你有些粗鲁。”“算了吧,但下不为例!”“Forget it”此处用来回答道歉,意为“算了吧;没关系”。其实,日常情景交际用语“Forget it”在不同的语境中,表达不同的含义。例如:

①—Thank you so much for your timely help.

—Forget it.(没关系;不用谢。用来回答感谢)

②—How much do I owe you?

—Forget it.(忘了它吧;别提了;别放在心上。表示不想提及或无关紧要)

③—I’ll take the small truck.

—And leave me to drive the other one?Forget it.(不行;休想;不可能;别抱什么希望。表示否定或拒绝)

二、义由境生

“一词多义”通常是同属一个基本意义的转义、引申、派生或衍生意义。但在下列情境中,“熟”词却有着迥然不同的“生”义。

1.词性不同,意思迥异

(1)Left isrightandrightis wrong.You arerighton the wrong side.左边是对的,右边错了。你恰巧在错的一边。第一个“right”是形容词,意为“正确的,对的”;第二个“right”是名词,意为“右边”;而第三个“right”则是副词,意为“(位置、时间等)准确地”。

(2)Theminethey’llmineismine.他们将开采的矿是我的。第一个“mine”是名词(意为“矿”);第二个“mine”是动词(意为“采矿”);第三个“mine”是物主代词(意为“我的”)。

(3)Heplantsmanyplantsaround theplantevery other year.每隔一年他就会在那工厂周围种植许多植物。三个“plant”分别是动词(意为“种植”)、名词(意为“植物”)和名词(意为“工厂”)。

新课标词汇中此类词还有很多。如:

Tom said he couldn’tbear(v.容忍;承受)to part with the babybear(n.熊).

Can(modal v.能;会)youcan(v.制罐头)a fishcan(n.罐子;听)?

You’ll have to getclose(adj.靠近的)enough toclose(v.关闭;闭合)the curtains.

Toddy was afraid ofbeing deserted(v.遗弃;舍弃)on thatdesert(n.沙漠;荒原)island.

Leavesfall(v.落下;掉下)in thefall(n.秋天).

The boylying(v.躺)in the corner is always tellinglies(n.谎言).

You mustn’tpark(v.停车)your car in the nearbypark(n.公园).

What apatient(adj.有耐心的)doctor to treat such a demandingpatient(n.病人)!

Why notpost(v.张贴)your note on thatpost(n.柱;杆)?

Withtears(n.眼泪)in her eyes,shewas tearing(v.撕;扯)the letter into pieces.

2.词形不同,含义别样

英语中的不少名词既可作不可数名词,也可作可数名词,但词义却不一样。

(1)Doing morningexercisesis a kind ofexercise.做早操是一种锻炼。(第一个exercise,意为“体操”,可数名词;第二个exercise,意为“锻炼”,不可数名词)

(2)When hisworkwasn’t going right,he was restless.当他的工作不称心时,他会烦躁不安。(work,意为“工作”,不可数名词)

Theworkshave been closed since February.这些工厂是自二月份以来关门的。(works,意为“工厂”,可数名词)

Theworksby the writer are popular with young people.这个作家的作品很受年轻人喜欢。(work,意为“作品”,可数名词)

(3)Write your reply in as fewwordsas possible.尽可能用简洁的语言回答。(words,意为“话语”,可数名词)

Wordcame that the oil price would go down.有消息传来称油价会下降。(word,意为“消息”,不可数名词)

属于这类词的还有arm(胳膊)/ arms(武器);brain(大脑)/ brains(智慧);custom(风俗)/ customs(海关);glass(玻璃)/ glasses(眼镜);good(好处)/ goods(货物);force(力,武力)/ forces(军队);manner( 举止)/ manners(礼貌);pain(疼痛)/ pains(辛苦,努力);spirit(精神)/ spirits(情绪);wood(木头)/ woods(森林)等。

另外,有些副词有两种形式,一个与形容词同形,另一个以-ly结尾,但它们的含义是不同的。例如:close(靠近地)和closely(仔细地,密切地);free(免费地)和freely(自由地);hard(努力地)和hardly(几乎不);late(晚,迟)和lately(近来);high(高)和highly(高度地);deep(深)和deeply(深刻地);near(附近)和nearly(几乎)等。

3.位置不同,其意相异

下列形容词既可作前置定语,也可作后置定语,但意思却不一样。

(1)She approached me with aconcernedlook on her face.她神情忧虑地向我走近。(前置:忧虑的;挂念的)

Peopleconcernedwere all to be punished.所有相关人员都要受到惩罚。(后置:有关的)

(2)At thepresenttime we have no best possible solution.目前我们没有最好的解决办法。(前置:目前的)

Everyonepresentwelcomed the final decision.在场的所有人都支持最后的决定。(后置:在场的;出席的)

(3)At the family party,the family ate awholesheep.在家庭会餐中,全家人吃掉了一整只羊。(前置:整体的,全部的)

The people in Xinjiang like to roast sheepwhole.新疆人喜欢烤全羊。(后置:整个儿的,不切开的)

其他类似的形容词还有:

前置定语

anabsentlook走神的

theadoptedkid收养的

duepunishment应得的

aninvolvedlecture难懂的

the bestknownbook有名的

aproperdiet恰当的

aresponsibleman有责任心的

后置定语

studentsabsentfrom class缺席的

the suggestionadopted被采纳的

the rentdue到期的

all the teachersinvolved有关的

the scientistknownto us all已知的

celebrationsproper严格意义上的

the manresponsible应负责任的

4.搭配不同,意义有别

(1)ConsideringTom to be fit for the office,the bossconsideredtaking him on.老板认为Tom适合这工作,所以考虑录用他。(consider sb./sth.(to be),意为“认为某人(某物)是”;consider doing something意为“考虑做某事”)

(2)Ihappenednot to be there when an earthquakehappened.地震发生的时候,我碰巧不在那儿。(前者“happen to do sth.”,不用于进行时,意为“碰巧做某事”;后者为不及物动词,不用于被动语态,意为“(偶然)发生”)

(3)Marysuggestedwe visit the museum once more,whichsuggestedshe loved the Chinese culture very much.Mary建议我们再参观一下那个博物馆,这表明她酷爱中国文化。第一个suggest,意为“建议”,后接虚拟语气;第二个suggest,意为“暗示,表明”,后接陈述语气。动词insist也有类似的用法:The boyinsisted(坚持认为,后接陈述语气)that he was honest andinsisted(坚决要求,后接虚拟语气)that I (should) apologize to him.

还有些常见的动词(短语)后既可接不定式,也可接动名词,但意思差别较大。例如:go on to do sth.(接着做另一件事情)/ go on doing sth.(继续做同一件事情);forget/remember to do sth.(忘记/记得做某事)/ forget/ remember doing sth.(忘记/记得做过某事);mean to do sth.(打算做某事)/ mean doing sth.(意味着做某事);regret to do sth.(遗憾要做某事)/ regret doing sth.(后悔做过某事);stop to do sth.(停下来,开始做某事)/ stop doing sth.(停止做某事);want sb.to do sth.(想要某人做某事)/ want doing (to be done)(需要被)等。

三、结束语

虽然“一词多义”现象是语言表达丰富的标志,但在一定的上下文语境中,义由境生,一个词一般只能解释为一种语义。这就要求考生在英语词汇学习时,摒弃机械套用熟知含义的做法,而须拓宽视野,丰富知识储备,能探寻规律,依托语境,合理推断,从而正确猜词悟义。

(作者单位:浙江省绍兴市鲁迅中学)

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