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语法填空题解题方法点拨

2016-04-08甘肃董耀忠

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年1期
关键词:典例语意谓语

甘肃 董耀忠 宋 雯

语法填空题解题方法点拨

甘肃 董耀忠 宋 雯

随着新课改的逐步深入,高中英语各类考试试题的命题形式得到不断创新、变化,题型更加丰富,考查角度更加广泛,更加注重考生的语言综合运用能力,考查也更科学。其中,基础语法填空题是一类值得考生重视的题型。这类题一般以短文形式呈现,基本上挖出10个空。有6~7个空往往有提示词,主要涉及动词的时态、语态和主谓一致,动词与非谓语动词之间的转换,形容词和副词的级以及词形变化等;有3~4个空无任何提示词,考查主要针对并列句中的连词(and、but、or...),主从复合句中的引导词(who、that、what...),相关搭配中的介词(on、in、to、for...),冠词(a、an、the)和连接性副词(however、therefore...)等。纵观此类题目特点,结合高考答题实际,以下六种方法值得加以应用。

一、单纯语法知识法

在高中英语中,主要有词法和句法两大语法体系。涉及冠词、名词、代词、数词、介词、形容词、副词、连词、动词、非谓语动词等词的用法和考点;主谓一致、状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句、特殊句式和交际惯用语等有关句子的知识要点。在基础语法填空中,涉及语义跨度小、结构较为简单的空往往可直接运用词、句的相关语法知识确定答案,即为单纯语法知识法。

【典例1】When you meet a new word,look it up in your dictionary.Your dictionary is your most useful book.

【点拨】冠词分为定冠词the、不定冠词a和an以及零冠词,主要考查点有泛指、特指和类指等。此题中用“a”表示泛指。

【典例2】The words(word)you know are called your vocabulary.You should try to make your vocabulary bigger.

【点拨】名词的考点主要涉及数和格。此题中,给出词“word”在上下文语境中意为“单词”,加之对照后句中的“vocabulary”,应用复数,即“words”。

【典例3】First,they fail to find suitable words to express themselves due to a limited vocabulary....The third reason is that not enough attention is paid to listening.

【点拨】英语中,介词在句中只有与其他词搭配才能使用,主要涉及一些固定词组或句式。此题中,应用“to”,句子可还原为“(They)didn’t pay attention to listening”,“pay attention to...”为固定搭配,意为“注意……”。

【典例4】Firstly,we must understand the language when we hear it spoken.

【点拨】代词,顾名思义就是名词的替代词,主要包含人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词等,用于句中可使上下文语言简练、语义更明了。此题从句中应用“it”,替代前面的“the language”,使语句更加精练明晰。

【典例5】I have spent most of my career as a travelling salesman.There is nothing lonelier than eating meals in a coffee shop....

【点拨】形容词、副词往往考查它们之间的转换,但在语法填空题中,更多的是考查其比较级和最高级形式,考生要熟悉“级”的变化规则。此空已经有了比较级“lonelier”,缺少的是比较级连接词“than”。

【典例6】A very strong wind blew into my room.My valuable notes,lying on my desk in the room,flew(fly)high into the air.

【点拨】动词是一个句子的“主心骨”,常充当句子的谓语,当然在语法填空题中更多的是考查其非谓语动词形式(分词和不定式结构)。此题中,“My valuable notes”显然为句子的主语,“lying on my desk in the room”为非谓语动词形式,故该句没有对应的谓语,“fly”就只有变成时态和语态恰当的谓语动词形式了。根据前句中的“blew”为blow的过去式及上下文意“一股强风吹进屋里,我放在室内桌子上有价值的笔记飞向了空中”,可见此空应填flew(主动、过去时)。

【高考链接】忽略全文语境、语意,单纯运用语法知识即可解题,例如:

1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ·66)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the sceneryof the better-known city.(单纯介词的使用,“by car”为固定短语)

2.(2015·湖南卷·49)For all your information,you don’t have to go to the library to find the relevant resource and take notes on it.Instead,you can find some sources from the Internet...(定冠词the在此表示特指)

3.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ·67)Yangshuo_is_(be)really beautiful.(句子缺谓语,根据主谓一致原则和时态,应用is)

4.(2015·广东卷·16)He owneda__farm,which looked almost abandoned.(冠词a在此表示泛指)

5.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ·65)...are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting).(many后应用名词的复数形式)

6.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ· 64)...to “air condition” a house without using(use)electric equipment.(without为介词,介宾结构,后应用动名词)

7.(2015·广东卷·25)Now it occurred to him that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(him代替上文中所指的he,occur to him意为“……突然浮现于他的脑海”)

二、语意逻辑推理法

语意逻辑推理法就是在阅读理解了短文大意的基础上,针对空缺,通过推敲其前后句之间的逻辑关系来确定答案的方法。在实际答题中,除前后句之间有因果、转折、让步等语意逻辑之外,很多时候可利用语意逻辑中的关键词或结合客观实际来归纳、确定正确答案。

【典例1】If we are satisfied with only a few rules we have memorized,we will not really learn the language.

【点拨】主从复合句主要表现在对形容词性的定语从句、名词性(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)从句、副词性从句(时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等)的考查上。此题中,逗号前后有“主将从现”的现象,加之前后语意“(如果)我们只满足于已记住的极个别的一些语法规则,我们就没有真正的学习语言”,可见应用“if ”引导条件状语从句。

【典例2】Without proper planning,tourism can cause problems....If tourism creates too much traffic,the inhabitants(居民)will become annoyed and unhappy.They begin to dislike tourists,so they treat them impolitely.

【点拨】句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三大类。其中,并列句主要有:and等连接的表并列关系的,but、while(然而)等连接的表转折关系的,or、or else等连接的表选择关系的,so、therefore等连接的表因果关系的句子。此题中,承接上文“They begin to dislike tourists”为原因,“they treat them impolitely”为结果,前后为因果关系,自然应用连词“so”最恰当。

【典例3】Now I’ll give you some tips on how to make friends with others.One way is being honest because honesty is very important if you want to get along well with those around you.

【点拨】根据because引导的原因状语从句“因为诚实(honesty)是非常重要的……”可知,前面句意应为“(交朋友的)一种方法是being honest(诚实)”,前后句形成顺畅的因果语意逻辑,“honest”为前后共有词。

【典例4】Soon after David left college,one of his uncles,who was rich and had no children of his own died and left David a lot of money,so he decided to set up his own company.

【点拨】题干中,定语从句“who was rich and had no

______of his own...”说明his uncle“富有,却没有属于自己的……”,然后“留给David很多钱”,贴近客观实际考虑可得为:没有自己的继承人——子女(children),当然也就不能只片面地填上boys或girls了。

【高考链接】忽略全文语境、语意,单纯通过前后语意逻辑关系确定答案,例如:

1.(2015·福建卷·78)The first thing I would say is that...My second piece of advice is simple.(根据前后语意层次,second前应为first)

2.(2015·上海卷·25)Because/As/Since I was in a good mood,I let her have it.(前后为因果关系,意为“因为我心情好,所以就让她拥有了它”)

3.(2015·广东卷·20)One day,the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.(when引导时间状语从句,表示“在那时,突然地……”)

4.(2015·湖南卷·48)It’s simpler because,_if_ you have a computer,you can find information you need by searching the Internet.(if引导条件状语从句)

5.(2015·湖 南 卷·51)Remember,however,that you should usually consult different types of sources.Thatis,you shouldn’t always rely just on the Internet for your research.(前后句中should为关键词,语意关系为“应该……,而不应该……”)

6.(2015·湖南卷·55)You need to learn...Also,you need to check the accuracy of it.(also前后为平行句式结构,you need to...重复出现)

三、句子结构分析法

句子结构分析法,言外之意就是通过分析题中所设空在整个句子中的作用来确定答案的方法。简言之,就是通过分析句子的“主、谓、宾、定、状、补”等具体成分来解题的方法。

【典例1】Some 134 000 Chinese students went to study abroad,and 120 000 of them were self-funded students(自费生).

【点拨】从此题干看,“120 000 of______”为句子的主语,而“of ”后面缺宾语,根据“and”前句主语“Some 134 000 Chinese students”,可见应填代词“they”的宾格“them”,前后形成并列句。

【典例2】...The number of people speaking(speak)Chinese continues to rise.

【点拨】根据句子主干成分分析,“The number of people”为主语,“continues to rise”为谓语,中间“_____(speak)Chinese”只能成为非谓语动词作后置定语了,从逻辑上分析“people”与“speak”之间存在主动关系,故“speaking”正确。

【高考链接】句子结构分析是解答语法填空题的关键手段,重在“分析”句子主干。例如:

1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ·68)A study of travelers conducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(name是句子的谓语,conducted部分为后置定语)

2.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·61)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired...(are admired为句子谓语部分,built部分为后置定语)

3.(2015·福建卷·80)What are you going to do about it?(do后缺少宾语,应用what)

4.(2015·广东卷·19)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns...and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left(leave).(被动语态结构)

四、固定句式结构法

英语中,除简单句、并列句和复合句外,根据表达所需,仍有很多诸如倒装、强调、省略及惯用搭配等固定句式结构。在语法填空中,根据其结构与规则来推敲确定答案的方法即为固定句式结构法。

【典例1】...It was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat that food!

【点拨】此空填“It”,形成强调句结构形式,可还原为“I learned she couldn’t eat that food only after I heard she became sick.”。

【典例2】...I was so careless that I had forgotten all about that....

【点拨】此为“so...that...”句式结构,that引导结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。

【高考链接】忽略文章语境的作用,结合本句意思和固定句式结构来确定答案。例如:

1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·70)...the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(感叹句结构,how用于感叹形容词thick)

2.(2015·福建卷·77)Here are my tips for you.(倒装句,根据主谓一致和全文时态可知)

3.(2015·上海卷·31)“I think she would like you to have it.”Shocked(shock),I took it from her automatically.She smiled and walked away.(省略,可还原为“Because I was shocked”;当然,也可以分析为主语I的补足语,shocked在此为表情绪的分词形容词)

五、单词性质变化法

在基础知识填空中,单词性质的变化主要有词性变化、意思变化(反义词)、基数词与序数词等的转化,此法更加要求考生要有较大的词汇量和对单词的灵活运用能力。

【典例1】They can see plays,films,operas and shows of every kind,not to mention the latest exciting(excite)football match.

【点拨】中心词match前的“latest”“football”和空缺处均应为定语,故excite应转化为“exciting”分词形容词形式,用于修饰“match”。

【典例2】You must know how to care for others and try not to misunderstand(understand) them....

【点拨】题中上下文意为“你们必须知道怎样关心他人,尝试不要(误解)他们”,这样才合正常语意逻辑,“and”衔接前后并列结构,可见,要将“understand”转化为其反义词。

【典例3】In the small towns of the United States in the nineteenth(nineteen) century,the general store was where everyone bought the things he couldn’t make or grow at home....

【点拨】题中“十九世纪”结构中应用“nineteen”的序数词形式,根据序数词变化规则应直接加“th”。

【高考链接】通过转换给出词的词性、数、格和正反意思来确定答案。例如:

1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ·69)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly(regular)arranges quick getaways here for people...(副词作状语)

2.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·63)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house...(their为形容词性物主代词,后应加名词)

3.(2015·上海卷·26)Feeling good,I emptied(empty)my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park(倒车).(empty常为形容词,意为“空的”;此处作句子的谓语,用作动词,意为“把……弄空,把……腾出来”)

4.(2015·广东卷·21)While making great efforts to run away,she fell(fall) over the hill and died.(fall在此作谓语,与died并列,为过去时)

六、固定词组搭配法

简言之,固定词组搭配法就是利用题目中的有效词和该词的固定搭配短语来确定答案的方法。在高中英语中,固定词组很多,且有些易混淆,需熟记其结构和意思以准确运用。

【典例1】I am interviewing nine-year-old Alex about her feelings on how people can help save(save) the environment.

【点拨】help的惯常搭配有help sb.with sth.和help sb.(to) do sth.,均意为“帮助某人干某事”。其中,“help sb.(to) do sth.”的宾补成分“to do”中,“to”常省略。

【典例2】I had been recommended to him by one of his employees.

【点拨】recommend...to...为固定搭配,意为“把……推荐给……”。此句改为主动结构是:One of his employees had recommended me to him.

【典例3】After the contests,I am to drop in at your school to visit you.

【点拨】drop in at和drop in on均为固定搭配,意为“顺便拜访”,前者后加“某地”,后者后加“某人”。

【典例4】As far as I am concerned(concern),my suggestion is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach.

【点拨】concern常见的搭配有:be concerned in/ with sth.(与某物有牵连)、be concerned about.../ that...(关心……,担心……)等,此处为as/ so far as sb./ sth.be concerned固定结构,意为“就某人/某物而言”。

【高考链接】利用固定词组和其意思来确定答案。例如:

1.(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·67)...at the same time,they warm up again for the night.( at the same time为固定短语,意为“与此同时”)

2.(2015·福建卷·79)Imagine you are a student and you share a flat with another student who you think isn’t doing her share of the housework.(share sth.with sb.为固定搭配,意为“与某人分享某物”)

3.(2015·福建卷·85)The other person will have more respect for you in the future if you do that.(in the future意为“在将来”)

4.(2015·广东卷·18)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearly for other food and made cheese and butter for the family...(exchange...for...为固定搭配,意为“用……换……”)

当然,基于以上六种主要方法之外,对于基础知识填空这类题目的解答还需注意:

1.拿到题目后先别急着填空,快速浏览全文,弄清大意应为第一步。

2.浏览阅读过程中,除捕获短文大意外,要将注意力侧重到语言点上,初步捕捉并分析文章中出现的各种语言点。

3.先易后难,逐个分析突破,边填空边验证所填答案的准确性,避免前后矛盾。

4.注重对语法知识的积累,熟练掌握最常用的语法要点,且要达到运用自如。

5.夯实基础,加强对单词、短语的记忆,不仅要熟记其意义和拼写,还要掌握相关的词形变换和常用搭配结构。

(作者单位:董耀忠 甘肃省漳县第一中学;宋 雯 甘肃省漳县教育体育局教研室)

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