七选五型阅读解题技巧点拨

湖北 张 勋

七选五型阅读解题技巧点拨

湖北 张 勋

七选五型阅读理解可谓是常规型阅读的升级版，难度更大，对学生的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，如要把握文章的结构和大意，对细节的理解和推测等。该题型是高考全国卷的必考题型之一。但是，只要我们细心观察和推敲，就不难发现其中的规律。

【题型解读】

给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，文体以说明文和议论文居多，少数时候也会以对话的形式呈现。七个选项，根据文章的结构、内容等，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。其中有两个选项为多余项。而《考试说明》对该题型的表述为：主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

【选项分析】

由于七选五型阅读理解是建立在一篇完整文章的基础之上，所以它的选项一定跟文章的整体理解息息相关。归纳总结可以得出，该题型备选项可以分为以下三种类型：

1.主旨概括句——考查对文章整体内容的理解

【典例1】39 If youv’e been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But theres’ a difference between being a victim and living with a“ victim mentality”.At some point in all of our lives，wel’l have our trust tested or violated.（2015·新课标卷Ⅰ）

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the possive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

【答案解析】C。考查主旨大意。该空后面讲的是我们被背叛以后，是受害者，但我们不应该有那种受害者的心态，这和C选项中的“我们不应该把自己当成受害者”是一致的，C选项概括了后面的内容，所以这属于主旨大意句。

2.过渡性句子——主要考查对文章结构的整体把握

【典例2】Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways.71 Second，your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.Third，note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.（2008·宁夏卷）

A.Use words，not complete sentences.

B.There are three practical note-taking methods.

C.You must write your notes on separate paper.

D.Otherwise，you may not be able to read your notes later.

E.You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

F.That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G.First，the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

【答案解析】G。考查文章结构。该空前后文章结构清晰明了，前面讲的是做好笔记会从多方面帮助你成长为高水平的学生，后面提到了第二点，和选项G中的第一点相呼应，从结构上形成先后关系，故选G项。

3.注释性句子——主要考查对上下文逻辑意义的理解和把握

【典例3】Unfortunately，we’ve all been victims of betrayal.Whether we’ve been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore， 37_It’s understandable，butif you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.（2015·新课标卷Ⅰ）

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the possive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

【答案解析】E。考查上下文理解。上文讲的是我们会遭遇不同种类的背叛，而这导致信任的丢失。有些人就是不能信任别人，后面讲到这种情况是情有可原的，而E选项恰恰解释了人们为什么不信任别人的原因——他们受伤太深，再也受不了再一次的背叛了。根据上下文的理解可知，应选E项。

【策略技巧】

1.理清句际间意义的关系

文章内容是根据各层、各段的大意要围绕中心有机地组合而成。从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。一些连接词可以帮助我们理清这些关系。

（1）表选择关系或对等关系的连接词：either...or...，neither...nor...，or，as well as...，and，both...and...等；

（2）表因果关系的连接词：therefore，so，as a result，as the result of...，because of，due to...，owing to，thanks to等；

（3）表时间顺序的连接词：the moment，as soon as，at first，then，later，meanwhile，at the beginning，in the end，before long，for the first（second...）time，the minute等；

（4）表转折关系的连接词：yet，and yet，but ，while，on the contrary，on the other hand，however，at the same time（然而）等；

（5）表解释说明的连接词：that is，that is to say，in other words，such as，for instance，and so on等；

（6）表递进关系的连接词：not only...but（also）...，what’s more，what’s worse，besides，in addition，worse still，moreover，above all等；

（7）表示总结的连接词：in a word，on the whole，in short，briefly，in brief，to sum up，in all等。

【典例4】Go to the original source.Media reports often simplify the results of medical research.Find out for yourself what a study really reported，and determine whether it was based on good science.Think about the type of study._72_（2014·北京卷）

A.Make choice that are right for you.

B.The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

C.Be sure to work through the critical questions.

D.And examine the findings of the original research.

E.Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

F.Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view.

G.The suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

【答案解析】D。该段建议大家去寻找最初的资源，因为媒体把很多医疗报道都简化了。设空处提醒大家要考虑研究类型和调查结果。这里有一个关键词“and”，表示前后两者之间是并列关系，故选D项。

2.心平气和按图索骥

七选五型阅读是阅读理解中难度较大的，因为对文章的理解加上对选项的选定排除本身就是一项大的工程。如果选项极其相近，就需要冷静仔细地分析，按部就班地完成。在此过程中，关键是要头脑清醒，心平气和。

①通读全文，找准主题句。各段落会根据整体文章的写作主题展开，对文章主体进行不同方面的描述，找准主题句，就会对文章有准确的定位。

【典例5】We all love an inside trip，but some of the classic tips for travelers no longer hold true._36_

1.Book a plane ticket far in advance to save money...

2.The best hotel prices are on travel websites...

3.Avoid street food...

4.Carry your money in a special pocket or pouch...（2015·银川一中三模）

A.When in Rome，do what the Romans do.

B.And make sure to put your wallet in a front pocket.

C.This is only true if you are buying products that are heavily taxed.

D.Let yourself relax in a warm room for one or two people in single beds.

E.Check the updates on these tall tales to save cash and add experience to your trip.

F.These days，many alternatives for the most popular routes mean that demand stays steady.

G.The best hotel prices are on travel websites.

【答案解析】E。通过观察可知，该空设在第一段第二句，很有可能是主旨句。通过阅读后面的小标题可知，该文章主要讲的是在外旅行时应该注意的一些常识和细节，通过比对几个选项，可以知道文中的4个小点都是作者总结出的可以获得经验的建议，故选E项，是文章的总起句。

②详读段落，找出各段关键词。要特别注意各段空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。

【典例6】 39 This may surprise you，but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try，the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.（2014·新课标卷Ⅱ）

A.Try new things.

B.Ability is easily improved.

C.Make three or four instead.

D.Understand your food better.

E.Cooking is a burden for many people.

F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

【答案解析】A。根据该段后面的内容，讲的是要不断地去学习和尝试更多更好的新的东西，与A选项相符，即A选项中的“Try new things”就是该段的关键词。

③分析和定位选项。注意衔接手段及标志词，上下文构成及逻辑上的直接关系，尤其要注意文章的写作线索。文章写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、句子甚至短语均融为一体。如果带入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，则应更换其他选项。

【典例7】4.Self Expression

40 There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music，acting，drawing，building，photography.You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.（2014·新课标卷Ⅰ）

A.Encourage kids to cook with you.

B.And we can’t forget science education.

C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don’t yet exist?

E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

【答案解析】G。在这个小段中，作者主要讲述的是应该要找到合适的方式来表达自己，只要想表达自己，音乐、画画、建筑等都是可以的。为了符合这一内容，使选项与该段完美融合，即应该选择G项，因为其涉及的也是要懂得交流的技巧。

④带入文中，复核检查。在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯、合理，各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。

七选五型阅读理解是对常规阅读理解的一种延伸，对考生的理解能力和捕捉关键信息、排除干扰的能力提出了更高的要求，但也并不是无迹可循的。只要我们仔细一些，按照步骤，按部就班，不急不躁，就可以突破这一难点。

（作者单位：湖北省巴东县第一高级中学）