儿童常见腹膜、网膜和肠系膜实体肿瘤的CT诊断
2016-04-07莺董素贞殷敏智马婧钟玉敏
周 莺董素贞殷敏智马 婧钟玉敏
儿童常见腹膜、网膜和肠系膜实体肿瘤的CT诊断
周 莺1董素贞1殷敏智2马 婧2钟玉敏1
目的:分析儿童常见腹膜、网膜和肠系膜实体肿瘤的CT表现,以提高对该部位实体肿瘤的认识。方法:回顾性分析2006年6月至2015年8月经CT诊断的儿童腹膜、网膜和肠系膜实体肿瘤共36例,包括炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(IMT)5例,Castleman病(CD)6例,淋巴管畸形(LM)9例, Burkitt淋巴瘤11例,横纹肌肉瘤(RS)5例。分析这5种实体肿瘤的临床资料和影像学表现,总结影像学特征。结果:①5例IMT,1例位于胰腺尾部后方,4例位于腹腔内腹膜、网膜和肠系膜根部。增强后5例肿块的实质性部分均呈逐渐强化。②6例CD,3例位于腹腔内肠系膜间隙,1例位于小网膜囊,2例位于脊柱前方、后腹膜大血管周围。5例为单发,1例为多发。增强后6例均为均匀强化,其中2例增强后边缘有条状明显强化。③9例LM,3例位于左下腹与盆腔入口处,2例位于右下腹,4例占据大部分腹腔及盆腔,增强后肿块中央分隔有强化。④Burkitt淋巴瘤11例,6例为腹、盆腔弥漫性肿块,侵犯肠壁及系膜,1例表现为右腹部及盆腔2个肿块,1例表现为肝门及下腹部2个肿块,3例表现为腹腔内单一肿块。增强后均呈轻度明显不均匀强化。⑤5例RS,3例为腹腔至盆腔的巨大肿块,2例为盆腔内肿块。增强后均呈明显不均匀强化。结论:儿童腹膜、网膜和肠系膜来源的实体肿瘤相对成人少见,年长儿童与幼儿发生的肿瘤种类又有明显不同。CT能较好地提示该部位肿瘤的影像学特征。了解这几种常见肿瘤的影像学表现,能为诊断和鉴别诊断提供方便,同时对病人的治疗提供更好的建议。
腹膜;网膜;肠系膜;儿童;实体肿瘤;体层摄影术,X线计算机
儿童实质性器官起源的腹、盆腔肿瘤十分常见,但实质脏器以外的组织如腹膜、网膜、肠系膜起源的肿瘤却比较少见。了解这些部位起源的肿瘤对选择合适的临床治疗手段十分重要。这组肿瘤主要包括炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(IMT)、Castleman病(CD)、肠系膜硬纤维瘤、淋巴管畸形(LM)、Burkitt淋巴瘤、横纹肌肉瘤(RS)、促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤等[1]。本研究回顾性分析2006年6月至2015年8月我院经CT诊断的腹膜、网膜和肠系膜起源实体肿瘤共36例,分析其影像学表现,以提高对本病认识。
方法
1.临床资料
搜集我院自2006年6月至2015年8月经CT检查诊断的儿童腹膜、网膜和肠系膜实体肿瘤共36例,所有病例均经病理证实。包括:IMT5例,CD6例,LM9例,Burkitt淋巴瘤11例,RS5例。分析这5种肿瘤的临床资料和影像表现,总结影像特征。
36例中,男21例,女15例。IMT5例,男2例,女3例;CD 6例,男、女各3例;LM 9例,男4例,女5例;Burkitt淋巴瘤11例,男8例,女3例;RS 5例,男4例,女1例。36例病例,年龄55天~18岁,平均年龄5.5岁。年龄最小55天,为LM病例,最大的18岁,为CD病例。
IMT5例,1例表现为发热后B超发现占位,3例发现下腹膨隆,1例反复腹痛2月;CD6例,无意中发现肿块2例,反复发热2例,发热伴腹痛1周1例,发热伴双下肢肿胀1例;LM9例,反复腹痛5例,因呼吸道感染行体检发现3例,孕期超声发现腹部囊肿1例; Burkitt淋巴瘤11例,无意中发现腹部膨隆3例,腹痛伴呕吐3例,发现颈部肿块2例,便血1例,下肢疼痛伴足部肿胀1例,面苍伴牙齿、脊柱疼痛1例;RS5例,下腹隐痛1例,下腹膨隆2例,排尿困难1例,反复尿路感染1例。
2.影像检查
36例病例,全部进行CT低剂量增强扫描。使用GE Discovery 750HD 64排螺旋CT或GE Light speed 16排螺旋CT。GE Discovery 750HD 64排螺旋CT扫描参数为层厚8~10mm, 100kV,自动mA;GE Light speed 16排螺旋CT扫描参数为层厚8~10mm, 80kV,50mA。机器均自动重建层厚为1.25mm,并在工作站进行肿瘤三维重建。扫描范围包括整个肿瘤。对比剂为欧乃派克2ml/kg,不配合小儿选用水合氯醛0.5ml/kg体重口服或灌肠镇静。
结果
5例IMT:1例位于胰腺尾部后方(图1),大小为6.12cm×4.96cm×6.72cm,边界清晰,平扫无明显钙化,密度稍欠均匀,增强后实质性部分呈逐渐强化,周围部分强化更明显,胰腺尾部受压明显;4例位于腹腔内肠系膜根部,体积最大的为15.0cm×7.8cm×14.0cm,最小的为7.34cm×5.65cm×9.79cm,肿块边界清晰,平扫肿瘤密度稍欠均匀,其中1例内部有条状钙化,增强后肿瘤均表现为不均匀强化,其中实质性部分呈逐渐强化。5例病灶与周围组织分界均清晰,无明显侵袭性,腹腔内均无明显腹水。
图2 男性,10岁,中腹部Castleman病。A.CT平扫显示腹腔内软组织密度肿块,边界清晰。B、C.增强显示肿瘤呈均匀强化,边缘有明显的血管影。
图3 女性,20个月,大网膜来源胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤。A.CT平扫显示下腹部至盆腔巨大软组织密度肿块,膀胱受压明显,平扫见钙化灶,腹腔内见少量腹水。B.横断面增强显示肿瘤呈较明显不均匀强化。C.冠状面重建显示肿瘤内部见新生肿瘤血管,肠系膜血管受压明显。
6例CD:3例位于腹腔内肠系膜间隙(图2),1例位于小网膜囊,2例位于脊柱前方、后腹膜大血管周围。5例为单发,1例为多发。单发肿块最大为3.56cm×4.87cm×5.13cm,多发肿块最大约1.91cm×1.53cm×1.46cm,肿块边界清晰,边缘光滑,平扫均无明显钙化。增强后6例为均匀轻度强化,2例增强后边缘强化较明显。6例病例腹腔内均未见明显腹水。
9例LM:3例位于左下腹与盆腔入口处,2例位于右下腹,4例占据大部分腹腔及盆腔,范围为3.66cm ×3.70cm×3.03cm~21.01cm×4.93cm×12.60cm,肿块边缘清晰,平扫肿块表现为囊性低密度影,无明显钙化,增强后肿块中央分隔有强化,其余成分不强化。9例病例均无钙化及腹水。
11例Burkitt淋巴瘤:6例表现为腹腔及盆腔弥漫性肿块,侵犯肠壁及系膜,1例表现为右腹部及盆腔共2个肿块,1例表现为肝门及下腹部共2个肿块,3例表现为腹腔内单一肿块,平扫肿块密度不均匀,均无明显钙化,增强后肿块均呈轻度明显不均匀强化。肿块最大为10.46cm×7.12cm×11.43cm。11例病例中伴有胸腔积液7例,2例为单侧,5例为双侧;伴有腹水为7例;7例伴有腹腔内多个脏器或组织浸润,分别为肾脏5例,胰腺3例,胃壁2例,肝脏2例,腹壁2例,胆囊1例,髂腰肌1例。
5例RS:3例为腹腔至盆腔的巨大肿块(图3),2例为盆腔内肿块,与膀胱分界稍欠清晰,肿块范围为3.26cm×3.48cm×2.89cm~13.87cm×8.05cm×10.06cm。平扫CT显示肿块的密度极不均匀,其中1例有小片钙化,增强后肿块均呈明显不均匀强化。1例病例伴有少量腹水。
讨论
腹膜由大、小网膜、系膜、韧带等多种结构组成,因富含脂肪组织、血管和神经,有利于新生物的发展。并通过腹膜从腹膜腔延伸至腹膜后间隙[2-3]。腹膜、网膜、肠系膜起源的肿瘤在儿童时期比较少见,其组织学频谱在年龄上也有很大的差异。常见的包括炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(IMT),Castleman病(CD),淋巴管畸形(LM),Burkitt淋巴瘤,横纹肌肉瘤(RS)。肠系膜硬纤维瘤和促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤等十分罕见。
IMT和CD虽然可以发生于任何年龄,但年长儿童的发病率更高。IMT常见的发生部位有肺、肠系膜和网膜[4],属于一种交界性肿瘤。可有局部复发,特别在肠系膜及网膜,女性多见[5]。CD又称血管滤泡性淋巴增生,是一种良性特发性淋巴组织增生性疾病,全球文献报道的儿童CD仅为100例左右[6]。本组5例IMT,最小1例发病者为5月,年龄偏小,其余4例均大于5岁。6例CD,仅1例为2岁,其余年龄均大于9岁,最大为18岁,符合文献报道。淋巴瘤、LM、RS相对发病年龄较小,Burkitt淋巴瘤是累及肠系膜、网膜的非霍奇金淋巴瘤中最常见的一种形式。RS是儿童最常见的软组织肿瘤,可以发生或转移至全身几乎任何部位,头、颈、泌尿生殖系统最常见。约10%的病例有后腹膜的受累,可以是转移或者原发[7]。男性多见。本组11例Burkitt淋巴瘤,发病年龄从2~10岁,平均年龄5岁。 LM9例,平均年龄4岁。RS5例,平均发病年龄3.5岁,男性4例,仅1例女性。从发病年龄上这三类肿瘤的发病年龄要小于IMT和CD。
由于IMT、CD、LM病理特点为良性或者偏良性,因此肿瘤在CT表现上有良性肿瘤的一些特点。典型的肠系膜或网膜IMT在CT上表现为边界清晰的球形或者分叶形肿块,体积可以较大,但较少具有侵袭性,密度均匀或者不均匀,极少数有钙化,增强后可见早期周边的强化(血管组织),中央部分均匀或不均匀强化,不强化的区域往往代表肿瘤的中心坏死,因纤维成分的存在肿瘤可有延迟强化[8]。本组5例病例,肿瘤直径最大达15cm,但与周围组织分界清晰,无明显侵袭性,呈周边向中央的逐渐强化,强化不均匀,钙化发生为1/5,与文献报道相符。CD在CT扫描时通常表现为边界清晰,边缘光滑的肿块,直径5cm左右,10%~31%可以钙化,增强后透明血管型一般均匀强化,强化程度低于或接近大血管,周边可见较明显的血管影,浆细胞型的强化程度变化差异性较大。本组6例,5例单发,1例多发,增强后6例为均匀强化,2例增强后边缘强化较明显,均无明显钙化和腹水。
Burkitt淋巴瘤、RS病理为恶性肿瘤,CT表现上表现为恶性肿瘤常有的一些特点。常包绕肠腔和肠系膜血管,侵犯肠壁,易引起肠套叠和肠梗阻,可伴有腹水。本组36例病例中,肿瘤均呈弥漫性侵袭性生长,11例中有7例伴有胸、腹水,同时有1个或多个脏器或组织的累及,占64%。RS可以表现为少量至中度腹水以及腹膜内和肠系膜结节和肿块。
影像技术的发展使得CT对本组疾病的术前诊断及鉴别诊断更加具有价值。在CT诊断时,可以首先确定病灶的发生部位、肿瘤大小,观察病灶有无钙化,如IMT和CD,30%左右病例可以伴有钙化。肿瘤强化是否均匀,是否伴有腹水,周围脏器是否受侵犯,同时考虑病人的性别和年龄,如IMT女性多见,RS男性多见,IMT和CD通常发生于青少年,这样对准确诊断帮助较大。为手术和进一步治疗提供更多有效的信息。
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CT Diagnosis of Solid Tumors of the Peritoneum, Omentum, and Mesentery in Children
ZHOU Ying1, DONG Su-zhen1, YIN Min-zhi2, MA Jing2, ZHONG Yu-min1
Purpose:To analyze the incidence and CT manifestations of solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children for further recognizing this disease.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 36 cases, which were diagnosed as solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in our hospital between June 2006 and August 2015. These 36 cases included 5 infammatory myofbroblastic tumors, 6 Castleman diseases, 9 lymphatic malformations, 11 Burkitt lymphomas and 5 rhabdomyosarcomas. We summarized the imaging features of these 36 cases.Results:(1) Of 5 infammatory myofbroblastic tumors, 1 was behind the pancreatic tail, 4 was located at the root of mesentery, the solid parts of these 5 tumors were enhanced gradually. (2) Of 6 Castleman diseases, 3 were located at abdominal cavity, 1 was located at omental bursa, 2 were located around the retroperitoneal vessels; 5were single masses, 1 was with multiple masses. All 6 cases were with homogeneous enhancement, 2 of them were enhanced obviously at the margin of the masses. (3) Of 9 lymphatic malformations, 3 were located at left lower quadrant, 2 were located at right lower quadrant, and 4 occupied most abdomen and pelvis. The masses were with no enhancement except the septum. (4) Of 11Burkitt lymphomas, 6 were presented as abdominal and pelvic large masses which affected bowel walls and mesentery, 2 were with 2 masses each (1 was with right abdominal mass and pelvic mass, and 1 was with hepatic portal mass and lower abdominal mass), 3 were presented as single masses. All cases were with enhancement. (5) Of 6 rhabdomyosarcomas, 3 were with abdominal and pelvic large masses, 2 were with bladder masses. All cases were with heterogeneous enhancement.Conclusion:Peritoneal solid tumors are far less common in children than that in adults. The histologic spectrums of the neoplasms in young children are differing from those in older patients. Knowledge of the spectrums of this disease allows the radiologist to provide an appropriate differential diagnosis and suggest proper patient freatment.
Peritoneum; Omentum; Mesentery; Children; Solid tumors; Tomography, X-ray computed
R445.3
A
1006-5741(2016)-06-0560-04
2016.01.07;修回时间:2016.04.24)
中国医学计算机成像杂志,2016,22:560-563
1上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心放射科
2上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心病理科
通信地址:上海市浦东新区东方路1678号,上海200127
董素贞(电子邮箱:dongsuzhen@126.com)
Chin Comput Med Imag,2016,22:560-563
1 Department of Radiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University
2 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University
Address: 1678 Dongfang Rd., Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, P.R.C.
Address Correspondence to DONG Su-zhen (E-mail: dongsuzhen@126. com)