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水通道蛋白在糖尿病大鼠阴道组织的表达*

2016-04-06杨雷夏纪毅姜隽姜睿

西南医科大学学报 2016年5期
关键词:润滑性免疫组化阴道

杨雷,夏纪毅,姜隽,姜睿

(西南医科大学附属医院:1泌尿外科;2医学实验中心;3血管外科,四川泸州646000)

论著

水通道蛋白在糖尿病大鼠阴道组织的表达*

杨雷1,夏纪毅2,姜隽3,姜睿1

(西南医科大学附属医院:1泌尿外科;2医学实验中心;3血管外科,四川泸州646000)

目的:研究AQP 0、5、6、10、11及12在糖尿病大鼠阴道组织的表达。方法:将糖尿病大鼠随机分为12、16周组并将正常大鼠随机分为12、16周组(n=6)。分别测各组大鼠阴道润滑及AQPs在阴道组织的表达情况。结果:本实验中12、16周龄糖尿病大鼠血糖水平分别较12、16周对照组大鼠血糖水平显著升高(P<0.05),12及16周龄糖尿病大鼠阴道润滑性(2.12± 1.41;2.64±0.88)分别较12及16周对照大鼠血糖阴道润滑性(4.21±0.86;4.41±0.77)显著降低(P<0.05),糖尿病大鼠阴道组织中AQPs的表达均低于相应对照大鼠阴道组织中AQPs的表达(P<0.05)。结论:糖尿病大鼠阴道组织AQPs的表达下降可能导致其阴道润滑性下降。

水通道蛋白;糖尿病;阴道润滑性;雌性大鼠

阴道润滑困难指性生活时难以获取并且保持阴道润滑,是女性性功能障(Female sexual dysfunction,FSD)常见的症状和致病因素,损害患者的生活质量[1-3],女性阴道润滑不充分发生率达3%-43%[3-5]。阴道润滑与生殖器血管充血相关[6-7]。局部或全身雌激素替代可减缓低雌激素水平导致的阴道萎缩及干燥等症状[8]。然而阴道润滑困难可发生于更年期前[9],多种疾病如糖尿病、多发性硬化症、高血压等均可导致阴道干燥[10-12],且与雌激素水平关系尚不清楚。多数研究显示糖尿病女性躯体并发症与FSD之间无相关性[13]。糖尿病患者心理因素导致FSD发病率可能高于生理因素,罹患糖尿病女性FSD风险更高[13]。糖尿病患者中FSD发病率75%高于普通人群的30.6%[14],高血糖可以导致阴道干燥[15]。阴道润滑困难在1型糖尿病中达14%~47%,对照组阴道润滑困难为6%[16-17],2型糖尿病中阴道润滑困难达37.5%~66%,对照组阴道润滑困难为22%[18-19]。因此有必要研究高血糖在FSD中所产生的作用。

阴道润滑与血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y、降钙素相关基因肽的活性或表达以及使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂有关[5-6,20]。最近认为女性性唤起是生殖器官血流增加是由NO所介导的[21-23]。部分实验证明西地那非对阴道润滑困难的功效[23-25],其余研究显示西地那非较安慰剂并未增加阴道润滑[26-27]。PDE5I治疗FSD的不同结果表明阴道润滑过程有多种因素参与,其机制尚不清楚[26]。

水通道蛋白(Aquaporin water channels,AQPs)是一种有助于水和小分子溶质进出细胞的膜蛋白,与阴道分泌作用有关。AQP 1~3主要表达在阴道毛细血管、静脉及上皮细胞,AQP 5~6主要表达在阴道上皮细胞胞膜,未发现AQP 4、7、8、9在女性阴道组织的表达[28]。切除卵巢后阴道分泌物及AQP2在阴道组织的表达显著降低,AQP 1表达无显著变化[29]。高血糖可降低AQP 1~3的表达,导致阴道分泌物减少[30-31],表示AQP 1~3在高血糖相关阴道润滑及干燥中起主要作用。其他亚型AQPs在阴道组织的表达报道较少,进一步研究其余亚型AQPs(AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12)在大鼠阴道组织的表达、润滑程度及血糖水平之间的关系有助于了解润滑的机制,研究有效的糖尿病患者阴道润滑困难的治疗方法。

1 材料和方法

1.1 建立糖尿病大鼠模型及分组

于西南医科大学医学实验动物中心购买雌性大鼠24只,随机选取12只大鼠进行糖尿病建模,根据本课题组前期方法将链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶解于pH 4.5柠檬酸盐缓冲液中(现配现用),浓度为0.1 mol/L,予以大鼠55 mg/kg腹腔内注射建立糖尿病模型[30],对照组大鼠以相同剂量柠檬酸缓冲液腹腔注射。STZ注射后48 h测所有大鼠尾静脉血糖,血糖>16.8 mmol/L认为建模成功。建模成功后糖尿病大鼠随机分为:12周糖尿病大鼠(group A,n=6),16周糖尿病大鼠(group C,n=6),对照大鼠随机分为12周对照大鼠(group B,n=6)以及16周对照大鼠(group D,n=6)。普通饮食及进水。每周检测大鼠血糖及体重。

1.2 测定阴道润滑

用1.5%戊巴妥钠(50 mg/kg腹腔注射)麻醉大鼠,于直肠两侧分离暴露盆神经,将棉签置入大鼠阴道内,以7 V、16 Hz、0.8 ms波幅电流刺激其盆神经60 s,1 min后取出棉签,测得阴道分泌物重量[29-30]。阴道润滑性为分泌物重量/阴道重量×100%。

1.3 测定血浆雌激素

取大鼠血浆经放射免疫分析测得大鼠血清雌激素水平(Bayer Inc,Germany)。

1.4 免疫组化测AQP 0、5、6、11的表达

取大鼠阴道组织远端三分之一使用4%多聚甲醛固定液固定并包埋。用avidin-biotin complex (ABC)法进行免疫组化分析。用1∶50羊血清和1%牛血清白蛋白阻断非特异性IgG。分别滴加AQP 0(兔抗大鼠多克隆抗体,1∶200,Santa Cruz),AQP 5、6、11(羊抗大鼠多克隆抗体,1∶100,Santa Cruz)后孵育,清洗切片后与二抗(50 uL/片,DK-2600,Dako,Glostrup,Denmark)孵育。正常大鼠血清代替一抗作为阴性对照。光镜下观察结果阳,用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析软件(Media Cybernetics Inc.Bethesda,MD,USA)进行分析。AQP 10、12暂无适用免疫组化抗体,故未做免疫组化检测。

1.5 Western印记测AQPs在阴道组织的表达

取大鼠远端三分之一阴道组织行Western Blot[29],待阴道组织裂解充分后,使用高速离心机按照17 000转/分4℃下离心5 min,取上清液即为蛋白提取物,测其蛋白浓度。取蛋白样品100℃水浴变性5 min,120 V下SDS–PAGE电泳90 min后,于4℃中400 mA恒流转膜40 min将蛋白转移至0.2 um PVDF膜(Millipore,Billerica,MA,USA)。5%脱脂奶粉室温下封闭1 h,兔抗大鼠多克隆抗体AQP 0(1:200),羊抗大鼠多克隆抗体AQP 5(1∶100)、AQP 6(1∶100)、AQP 11(1∶100),兔抗大鼠多克隆抗体AQP 10(1∶200,Acris)、AQP 12(1∶200,Acris)按比例稀释后孵育。使用β-actin作为内参。

1.6 统计学分析

使用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,结果中定量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,多个样本均数间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD法,多重线性回归分析血糖和体重与AQPs表达的相关性,P<0.05有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况及阴道润滑性

所有大鼠发情期每一组体重、血糖、血浆雌激素和阴道润滑性见表1。A和C组大鼠血糖分别较B组和D组显著增高(P<0.05),A、C组大鼠的体重分别显著低于B、D组(P<0.05)。各组大鼠雌激素无显著差异。电刺激后阴道润滑性A组较B组、C组较D组均显著降低(P<0.05)。

表1 实验大鼠基本情况

2.2 免疫组化测AQP0、5、6、11在阴道组织的表达

AQP 0、5、6、11在阴道组织的表达(图1,图2)。AQP 0主要表达在阴道上皮胞质内,AQP 5主要表达在阴道血管内皮及阴道上皮细胞,AQP 6及 AQP 11主要在阴道毛细血管及静脉内皮细胞表达。B、D组中AQPs在阴道小静脉、毛细血管及上皮细胞保质的表达显著强于A、C组(P<0.05)。

图1 AQPs在大鼠阴道组织中的表达

图2 IHC的统计学分析

2.3 Western Blot测各组大鼠阴道组织中AQPs的表达(图3,图4)。

2.4 阴道润滑性与血糖和体重的关系

体重与阴道润滑性没有相关性(P>0.05),血糖与阴道润滑性呈负相关,本实验中血糖是影响大鼠阴道润滑性的独立因素(P<0.05)(表2)。

图3 AQPs在大鼠阴道组织中的表达

图4 AQPs在大鼠阴道组织中的表达的统计学分析

表2 多重线性回归分析血糖和体重与AQPs表达的相关性

3 讨论

性刺激引起盆腔血管流量增加致阴道及阴蒂充血,随着阴道血流动力学的改变,从阴道粘膜及阴道上皮下血管而来的渗出物使阴道润滑[32]。越来越多的人开始研究AQPs在FSD中所起的作用[33],并有大量AQPs在生殖系统的研究。AQP 0主要表达在睾丸生精上皮的支持细胞及间质细胞[34]。AQP 5在小鼠、大鼠、猪及人的子宫[35],大鼠和猪的输卵管,大鼠睾丸间质细胞中有表达[36]。孕酮通过上调子宫AQP 5的表达引起分娩时宫颈扩张[37]。AQP 10位于成人睾丸输出小管[34]并调控附睾水的转运[38]。AQP 11表达于成年大鼠支持细胞[39]。

AQP 0、6的表达受胞外pH影响[38],AQP 6表达在人内耳及肾脏[40-41]。AQP 11、12转运水的作用尚存争议[42]。AQP 11可能参与缓慢而持久的水跨膜运动[43],表达于大鼠脑、肝及眼[44-46]。AQP 12在胰腺腺泡细胞中表达,可能参与消化酶的分泌[47]。

血糖水平可能影响各组织AQPs的表达。糖尿病患者腮腺AQP 5表达下降可能导致其口腔干燥[48]。STZ所致糖尿病可上调神经视网膜AQP 1及视网膜色素上皮AQP 5、9、11、12的表达,下调神经视网膜AQP 6、11及视网膜色素上皮AQP 0的表达[49]。然而,除了高血糖下调AQP 1-3在阴道组织的表达外,对AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12在阴道组织的影响鲜为人知。

本实验中各组大鼠之间雌激素水平无显著差异,电刺激盆神经后阴道分泌物量/阴道重量所得阴道润滑性显示糖尿病大鼠明显低于正常大鼠,且免疫组化及Western-blot显示糖尿病大鼠阴道组织AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12的表达显著降低(Figures 1、2),AQPs的表达与糖尿病病程无明显关系。参考本课题组前期研究[30],表明高血糖可能通过抑制糖尿病大鼠阴道中AQP0、1-3、5、6、10-12的表达致刺激盆神经后阴道润滑下降。

本实验不足之处为缺乏临床数据证实AQPs与糖尿病患者阴道润滑困难的关系。除了AQPs在阴道组织水的转运外其他功能缺乏研究,也缺乏其他类型糖尿病的影响。接下来我们将研究糖尿病患者AQPs的表达,通过提高糖尿病大鼠阴道AQPs的表达引起阴道润滑性提高的有效性。值得注意的是几乎每一种AQPs均下降,表明可能存在一种生理机制可以调控所有AQPs的表达,所以将来我们也将证实这个猜想。

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(2016-04-25收稿)

Expression of aquaporins in vagina of diabetic rat

Yang Lei1,Xia Jiyi2,JiangJun3,Jiang Rui11Department of Urology;2Medical Research Center;3Department of Vascular Surgery,the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan Province 646000,China

Objective:The aim is to investigate the expression of AQP0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in the vaginal tissue of diabetes mellitus rats.Methods:Female Sprague-Dawley rats(n=24)were randomly divided into 4 groups:12-week-old diabetic rats(n=6),12-week-old non-diabetes control(n=6),16-week-old diabetic rats(n=6)and 16-week-old non-diabetes control(n=6).The level of vaginal lubrication and the expression of AQP 0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in vaginal tissue of rats were determined.Results:The levels of blood glucose were significantly increased in 12-week-old diabetic rats and 16-week-old diabetic rats compared to their age matched counterparts respectively(P<0.05),vaginal lubrication was significantly lower in 12-week-old diabetic rats(2.12±1.41)and 16-week-old diabetic rats(2.64±0.88)than their age matched counterparts,(4.21± 0.86)and(4.41±0.77)(P<0.05),respectively;and the expression of AQP 0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in vaginal tissue were significantly lower in 12-week-old diabetic rats and 16-week-old diabetic rats than their age matched counterparts respectively(P<0.05),as determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot,respectively. Conclusions:Decreased vaginal lubrication in diabetic rats may be related to the decreased expression of AQPs in vaginal tissue.

Aquaporin water channels;Diabetic;Vaginal lubrication;Female rats

R587.1;R393

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2016.05.011

国家自然科学基金(81070486)

杨雷(1987-),男,医师,硕士

姜睿(1970-),男,教授,博士。E-mail:jiangrui@126.com

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