槲皮素对糖尿病肾脏病发生发展的影响
2016-03-26杨晓琳黄莉吉余江毅
杨晓琳,黄莉吉,张 舒,余江毅*
(1.南京中医药大学,南京 210029;2.南京中医药大学附属医院内分泌科,南京210029)
槲皮素对糖尿病肾脏病发生发展的影响
杨晓琳1,黄莉吉2,张舒2,余江毅2*
(1.南京中医药大学,南京 210029;2.南京中医药大学附属医院内分泌科,南京210029)
糖尿病肾脏病(DKD)是糖尿病常见的严重的微血管并发症,是导致终末期肾脏疾病的主要原因。目前DKD的发病机制与防治仍是国内外研究的热点。由于DKD是环境与遗传因素相互作用导致的多因素紊乱,目前众多研究尚未就其发病机制得出统一的结论。研究显示,槲皮素通过降低血糖、抗氧化应激、抗炎、抑制肾脏纤维化等机制,对肾脏起保护作用。
槲皮素;糖尿病肾脏病;氧化应激;炎症;纤维化
糖尿病肾脏病(DKD)是一种严重的糖尿病微血管并发症和终末期肾脏疾病的主要原因。据美国肾脏数据系统报告,约43.8%的终末期肾病患者以糖尿病作为第一诊断[1]。槲皮素是一种天然的黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于植物的花、叶及果实中。目前已在100多种中草药及蔬果中发现槲皮素。研究证明,槲皮素可通过降低血糖、抗氧化应激、抗炎及抑制肾脏纤维化等机制对肾脏起保护作用。Knekt P等[2]研究得出槲皮素的摄入可以降低包括糖尿病在内的许多慢性病的风险。Castilla P等[3]研究证明槲皮素在血液透析患者和健康人中均具有抗氧化,降血脂,抗炎作用。Egert S等[4]在德国对93例超重患者进行双盲交叉对照实验,证明槲皮素可以降低收缩压和低密度脂蛋白浓度。
1 槲皮素对血糖水平的影响
糖异常与糖尿病肾脏病的发生发展密切相关。长期高糖环境导致肾固有细胞分泌多种炎症因子及促纤维化因子,进而使细胞肥大、增生,促进肾间质纤维化发生[5]。在动物模型中进行的干预性实验证实,强化血糖控制对肾脏具有保护作用。实验中将已有肾小球结构改变及白蛋白尿的肾脏移植到非糖尿病动物身上,发现肾脏病变得到逆转。伴有微量白蛋白尿及大量白蛋白尿的患者,HbAlc水平明显高于尿白蛋白正常的患者。Alam M M等[6]实验结果显示:将糖尿病大鼠随机分为2组,与空白对照组相比,槲皮素治疗组大鼠空腹血糖水平显著降低。高血糖导致蛋白质的非酶糖基化增强,形成过多糖基化终末产物(AGEs),AGEs在肾小球及肾小管中积聚,降低蛋白质对消化酶的易感性,从而导致在肾小球系膜沉积,引起肾脏损害。GLUT4是对胰岛素敏感的葡萄糖转运蛋白,主要存在于骨骼肌细胞和脂肪细胞。在胰岛素刺激后,可快速从细胞内转位到质膜以增加对葡萄糖的摄取。AMPK是一种对代谢应激敏感、可刺激GLUT4转位的蛋白激酶。Dai X[7]、Eide H等[8]分别进行了细胞学实验,结果表明经槲皮素干预,GLUT4在骨骼肌细胞表面的表达显著增加。提示槲皮素可能通过活化AMPK传导途径,增加骨骼肌细胞表面GLUT4表达,加强对葡萄糖的摄取,从而降低血糖,AMPK有望成为治疗2型糖尿病新的药物靶点。Ma Jin等[9]实验结果表明,槲皮素能够在不影响脂肪生成的情况下改善前脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,发挥与罗格列酮作为PPARγ激动剂相似的功效。
2 槲皮素对氧化应激的影响
Kolati S R等[10]研究表明,通过限制NF-κB的活化,可减少伴有蛋白尿的大鼠间质单核细胞浸润,减轻氧化损伤,延缓大鼠DKD的进展。GSH-Px是机体内广泛存在的一种重要的过氧化物分解酶,保护细胞膜的结构及功能不受过氧化物的损害,反映机体的抗氧化能力。Lee D B等[11]发现槲皮素可以依赖性的保留谷胱甘肽含量,保留活性的过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,减少ROS,从而起到抗氧化作用。Pouraboli I等[12]对糖尿病肾脏病模型大鼠喂食槲皮素(300 mg/kg),14 d后对大鼠血清进行测定,结果显示DKD大鼠血清谷胱甘肽含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化氢酶活性明显升高(P<0.05),血糖与肌酐、尿素氮水平明显降低,尿白蛋白含量减少。
3 槲皮素对炎症的影响
Mora C等[13]研究发现IL-6可显著削弱胰岛β细胞的功能,引起胰岛素分泌功能障碍、胰岛素抵抗及代谢综合征,最终促进糖尿病肾脏病的发生。Abrahamian H等[14]进行的动物实验显示,DM大鼠尿蛋白排泄率与CRP呈正相关,提示CRP可能通过诱发微血管的病变,刺激血管内皮释放炎症因子,导致蛋白尿的增多。Lin C Y等[15]通过对小鼠模型进行检测得出:槲皮素可减少IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β及C-反应蛋白等炎症介质在肾脏的含量,从而发挥抑制肾脏血管内皮炎性反应的功能。
4 槲皮素对纤维化的影响
Moyses N M等[16]报道在肾移植患者中MCP-1的表达与纤维化呈正相关。高糖可刺激足细胞和肾小管上皮细胞体外表达TLR2和TLR2配体,以及TLR2依赖的促炎症和促纤维化细胞因子高水平表达[17]。Wu H L等[18]经过实验证明在STZ诱导的DKD大鼠中,TLR2表达增加,并伴随其下游通路的激活。Devaraj S等[19]临床实验得出与之一致的结论,伴有糖尿病微血管并发症的患者TLR2表达与活性更为显著。Bhaskar S[20]、Devaraj S[21]发现,槲皮素可抑制TLR2在mRNA水平的表达,从而抑制细胞因子的产生,延缓肾脏病变的进展。王兴红等[22]通过STZ建立糖尿病大鼠模型并随机分组,6周后模型组大鼠肾小球体积增大,血管壁呈现玻璃样变性、基底膜增厚、系膜基质增多的改变。槲皮素治疗组肾小球体积、病理改变程度,较模型组明显减轻,尿白蛋白排泄显著减少(P<0.05)。提示槲皮素可通过减少蛋白质的排泄及抑制由此导致的肾小管上皮细胞促硬化信号的活化,保护肾脏免于进一步的损害。
5 结语
综上所述,槲皮素对糖尿病肾脏病的改善作用是确切的。其通过促进细胞对糖的吸收降低血糖;提高抗氧化酶活性减轻氧化应激;抑制炎性因子过度表达减轻炎症;减少肾脏系膜增生延缓纤维化,从而在一定程度上发挥对肾脏的保护作用。由于糖尿病肾脏病发病机制复杂,各种机制间的相互作用尚不明确,此外,目前关于槲皮素应用于临床疗效的报道尚不充足,临床实验相较动物实验存在更多的环境干扰因素,采取的口服方法可能受到生物利用度的影响,可进一步加强临床干预支持补充。槲皮素的抗炎、抗氧化、抗纤维化等功用是否同样存在于其他黄酮类提取物,可进行进一步研究。
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Quercetin on development of diabetic kidney disease
YANG Xiaolin1,HUANG Liji2,ZHANG Shu2,YU Jiangyi2*
(1.Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210029,China;2.Department of Endocrinology,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM,Nanjing 210029,China)
Diabetic kidney disease is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus,which becomes one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients.At present,the pathogenesis and prevention of DKD are still hot spots in domestic and foreign research.However,because of the complex mechanism of DKD,many studies have not come to the conclusion of the unification.Considerable data have indicated that quercetin treatment caused a reduction in glycemia,ameliorated inflammation,oxidative stress and fibrosis,there is protection of kidney.
quercetin;diabetic kidney disease;oxidative stress;inflammation;fibrosis
10.13463/j.cnki.cczyy.2016.04.019
江苏省科技支撑计划-社会发展项目(BE2012777);江苏省预防医学科研课题(Y2015053)。
杨晓琳(1990-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢病方向研究。
余江毅,电话-(025)86617141,电子信箱-yujiangyi2007@163.com
R255.4
A
2095-6258(2016)04-0714-03
2015-12-10)