原发性肺肉瘤样癌的CT表现与病理特点
2016-03-23徐晓莉冯瑞娥
徐晓莉,宋 伟,隋 昕,宋 兰,王 晓,冯瑞娥,李 媛
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院 1放射科 2病理科,北京 100730
·论著·
原发性肺肉瘤样癌的CT表现与病理特点
徐晓莉1,宋伟1,隋昕1,宋兰1,王晓1,冯瑞娥2,李媛2
中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院1放射科2病理科,北京 100730
摘要:目的探讨原发性肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)的CT表现与诊断价值。方法回顾性分析20例PSC患者的临床、影像资料,并与病理结果进行对照。结果18例患者表现为单发肺肿块,2例患者表现为多发肺肿块,共22个肿块。5个肿块位于肺门区,17个位于肺周,其中11个肿块大于5 cm。9个肿块边界光滑,11个肿块边缘可见短粗毛刺和/或深分叶,2个肿块边界不清。2个肿块有胸膜凹陷征,14个肿块呈宽基底胸膜增厚。10个肿块平扫密度均匀,7个肿块内可见低密度区,5个肿块可见空洞。15例行增强CT检查,15个肿块呈不规则环形和/或斑片状强化,2个肿块呈均匀轻度强化。6例患者单侧或双侧肺门和/或纵隔肿大淋巴结。病理诊断多形细胞癌16例,梭形细胞癌4例。免疫组织化学检查13例抗细胞角蛋白单克隆抗体阳性,15例波形蛋白阳性,8例细胞角质蛋白阳性,1例上皮细胞膜抗原阳性,8例甲状腺转录因子-1阳性。结论原发性PSC的影像表现具有一定特点,但确诊需要靠病理结合免疫组织化学检查。
关键词:肺肉瘤样癌;计算机体层摄影术;病理
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(1):93-98
肺肉瘤样癌(pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma,PSC)是一组含有肉瘤形态细胞或肉瘤样(梭形细胞和/或巨细胞)分化的非小细胞肺癌,临床罕见,占肺部恶性肿瘤的2%~3%,PSC侵袭性强,预后差,临床表现无特异性[1- 2]。目前国内对PSC结合影像特点、临床表现及病理特征进行的综合报道尚少,常因认识不足造成误诊。笔者回顾性分析了20例PSC的临床、影像学及病理学表现,以期加深对该病的认识,提高诊断水平。
对象和方法
对象2008年1月至2014年9月在北京协和医院就诊的临床、影像及病理资料完整的PSC患者20例,其中男13例,女7例,平均年龄(58.4±13.5)岁(27~81岁)。14例患者有吸烟史,其中13例吸烟≥20年包。临床表现:20例患者均出现咳嗽、咳痰,其中15例伴有痰中带血,4例伴胸背疼,10例伴发热,6例伴气短。
CT扫描术前5例患者行胸部CT平扫,15例行平扫及胸部CT增强。采用西门子Somatom 64排螺旋CT机及西门子Definition双源CT机,自肺尖至肺底螺旋扫描,层厚、层间距均为7 mm,扫描架无角度,增强扫描采用高压注射器肘静脉团注非离子型碘对比剂(碘海醇300 mg I/ml),注射速度2.5 ml/s,剂量1.5 ml/kg体质量,延迟时间为35 s。
图像分析由2名胸部专业的放射科医师共同阅读图像(分别具备4年和9年临床诊断经验),观察病灶的生长部位、大小(最大横径)、形态、边缘、密度、强化方式、有无肺门和纵隔肿大淋巴结、有无胸膜增厚及胸腔积液、有无远处转移。意见不一致时,请第3位胸部专业的放射科医师(具备20年临床诊断经验)阅读CT图像,共同讨论判定。CT术前分期参照国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)的肺癌TNM分期第7版(2009)[3]。
病理诊断肉瘤样癌诊断标准采用WHO肺肿瘤2004分类法:含有肉瘤成分或肉瘤样分化(梭形细胞和/或巨细胞)的低分化非小细胞肺癌,且巨细胞或梭形细胞至少有10%,包括多形性癌(pleomorphic carcinoma,PC)、梭形细胞癌(spindle cell carcinoma,SCC)、巨细胞癌(giant cell carcinoma,GCC)、癌肉瘤(carcinosarcoma,CS)及肺母细胞瘤(pulmonary blastoma,PB)等5个亚型[2,4- 5]。免疫组织化学检测指标包括:波形蛋白(Vimentin)、细胞角质蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)、上皮细胞膜抗原(epithelial membrane antigen,EMA)、抗细胞角蛋白单克隆抗体(anti-pan cytokeratin antibody,AE1/AE3)、甲状腺转录因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF- 1)等。
结果
CT表现20例PSC患者中,18例为肺内单发病变,2例为肺内多发病变,共22个肿块。位于肺周的肿块约占77%(17/22);肿块平均直径(5.7±5.4)cm(3~10 cm),其中11个肿块>5 cm;约59%(13/22)的肿块边缘不规则或边界不清;55%(12/22)的肿块平扫密度不均,内见低密度区或空洞(图1);部分肿块周围可见晕征(1/22)或少量小斑片(3/22);增强扫描示88%(15/17)的肿块呈不均匀轻度强化,表现为斑片状和/或环形强化(图2、3);约73%(16/22)的肿块CT示邻近胸膜不同程度受累,表现为胸膜黏连、增厚或胸膜凹陷等;5个肿块累及支气管致阻塞性肺不张,1个肿块致阻塞性肺炎;30%(6/20)的患者见单侧或双侧肺门和/或纵隔淋巴结肿大;1例病变累及心脏及肺静脉(图2),2例见肺内或远隔转移(表1)。
CT诊断与术前、术后分期20例患者术前CT均诊断为肺恶性肿瘤,17例行术前、术后TNM分期,术前TNM分期为ⅠB期(T2aN0M0)、ⅡA期(T2bN0M0)、ⅡB期(T3N0M0)、ⅢA期(T3N2M0)、ⅢB期(T4N2M0)的例数分别为7、2、5、1、2,术后分别为5、3、6、2、1;3例未行手术治疗,CT分期为Ⅳ期(2例为T3N2M1,1例为T4N0M1)。
病理诊断17例患者行手术切除,3例患者穿刺活检。15例手术标本和3例穿刺标本行免疫组织化学检查。20例PSC患者中多形性癌16例(图2E,2F),梭形细胞癌4例(图3E);13例AE1/AE3阳性,15例Vimentin阳性,8例CK阳性,1例EMA阳性,8例TTF- 1阳性。
表 1 肺肉瘤样癌患者的肺CT表现
a:肿块与胸膜接触面>3 cm/肿块与胸膜之间接触面长度与肿块直径的比值≥0.5
a:the interface length between mass and pleural>3 cm/the ratio of interface length and mass diameter≥0.5
图1平扫CT(A)示右肺尖不规则肿块,伴分叶及毛刺、内部空洞,增强扫描(B)呈不均匀斑片状强化
Fig1Axial plain CT(A) showed an irregular lobulated mass with spinous protuberance and inner cavity in right upper lobe,and contrast-enhanced CT scanning(B) showed inhomogeneous patchy enhancement
A. 增强胸部CT示肿块呈轻度环形强化并斑片状强化,左上叶肺不张;B. 增强胸部CT示左上肺静脉及左心房内低密度肿块,强化形式与左上肺肿块近似;C. 平扫胸部CT肺窗示左上肺边界清晰的巨大肿块;D. 平扫胸部CT纵膈窗示肿块密度不均、内见低密度区,左侧胸腔积液;E.病理HE染色示肿瘤性坏死,可见原有组织轮廓 (×40);F. 病理HE染色示肿瘤细胞多形性显著,中等量胞浆,嗜酸性,染色质深染,部分细胞可见核仁(×400)
A.transverse contrast-enhanced CT scan showed ring enhancement and patchy enhancement of the mass,accompanied with left upper lobe atelectasis;B.contrast-enhanced CT scan obtained at middle lung field showed a low-density lesion in the left superior pulmonary vein and left atrium,of which the enhancement was similar to the mass;C.plain CT scan at lung window showed a well-defined huge mass in left upper lobe;D.plain CT scan at mediastinal window showed inner low-attenuation area of the mass and pleural effusions on the left side;E.HE staining showed necrosis of the tumor with original contour remained(×40);F.HE staining showed remarkably pleomorphic,moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm,stained nuclear chromatins,and some nucleoli in tumor cells (×400)
图256岁男性患者,病理诊断为多形性癌
Fig2Pleomorphic carcinoma in a 56-year-old man
CT评价与手术病理17例手术患者中,CT评价与手术病理诊断完全符合的有9例,存在误差的有8例,差异集中在评价胸膜侵犯和肺门、纵隔淋巴结转移上,其中,CT提示胸膜受累、但病理证实胸膜未被累及者2例(胸膜凹陷和胸膜宽基底增厚各1例);CT未见胸膜黏连或增厚,术后病理证实胸膜受累者2例;CT提示肺门和/或纵膈淋巴结肿大者6例,病理证实有转移者仅3例;3例示淋巴结肿大但病理证实淋巴结未受累(图3);CT未见淋巴结肿大,但病理提示支气管周淋巴结转移者3例。
A. 平扫胸部CT肺窗示右下肺边界清晰的巨大肿块;B. 平扫胸部CT纵膈窗示肿块密度不均、内见略低密度区,与邻近胸膜广基底黏连;C. 增强胸部CT示隆突下肿大淋巴结强化不均;D. 增强胸部CT示肿块呈轻度环形强化并斑片状强化,右下肺前基底段肺不张;E. 病理HE染色示肿瘤细胞呈梭形,束状排列,间质疏松,周边可见坏死,细胞核染色质深染,核仁不明显(×200)
A.transverse plain CT scan showed a well-defined huge mass in right lower lobe;B.plain CT scan at mediastinal window showed low-attenuation area in the mass and adjacent pleural thickening with wide basement;C.contrast-enhanced CT scan showed inhomogeneous enhancement of subcarinal enlarged lymph node;D.contrast-enhanced CT scan showed irregular ring,patchy enhancement of the mass,and atelectasis was observed in the anterior basal segment of right lower lobe;E.HE staining showed that the tumor cells were composed of spindle cells arranged in bundle,accompanied with looser stroma and peripheral necrosis,markedly stained nucleus chromatins,and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed (×200)
图359岁女性患者,病理诊断为梭形细胞癌
Fig3Spindle cell carcinoma in a 59-year-old woman
讨论
1992年Ro等[6]提出了肉瘤样癌的命名,2004年WHO肺肿瘤分类将PSC纳入肺癌的8个主要类型中[4]。PSC分为5个亚型,其中,PC是分化差、含有梭形细胞和/或巨细胞或只由梭形或巨细胞成分组成的非小细胞癌;SCC是只由梭形细胞组成的非小细胞癌。影像学对于鉴别不同PSC亚型无特异性,病理组织学形态及免疫组织化学检查有助于区分PSC亚型[6- 7]。
PSC临床上多见于有重度吸烟史的60岁以上男性(肺母细胞瘤除外),临床表现以咳嗽、咳痰、咯血为主,病变侵及胸膜、胸壁,可引起胸痛[5]。本组12例患者为60岁以上男性(60%),13例患者吸烟≥20年包(65%),20例患者的临床特点与文献报道基本一致。
PSC侵袭性强,恶性度高,其CT表现有一定特点[7- 8]。PSC病灶往往较大,本组所有病灶均>3.0 cm,50%的肿块>5 cm。本组周围型肺肿块约占77%,与文献报道70%~90%周围型PSC相一致[9- 10],本组右肺病变(59%)多于左肺,上下肺分布无差异。本组病例中约55%的肿块平扫CT可见空洞/低密度区(坏死),约88%的肿块CT增强后呈环状强化和/或斑片状强化,约70%的肿块平扫密度均匀、增强后呈不规则环状强化或斑片状强化,增强CT中的低强化区,对应病理中肿块黏液变性、出血、坏死。文献报道直径<5 cm的PSC病灶较少坏死、强化均匀,直径>5 cm的病灶常出现坏死、呈周边强化[10- 11],本组病例术前CT诊断>5 cm的肿块均有坏死,80%的3~5 cm肿块有坏死,与文献报道有一定差异,本组病例数相对多,一定程度上体现了PSC较强侵袭性的生物学特性。本组CT示16个肿块邻近胸膜黏连/增厚,其中13个肿块手术切除,所有手术切除肿块中病理证实胸膜受累占68%(13/19),CT判断胸膜有无受累的准确率为79%,反映了CT判断病变是否累及胸膜存在一定的局限性。本组病例肿块累及胸膜约占73%,高于文献报道的50%[5,10]。本组PSC出现淋巴结转移仅占1/3,且转移局限于同侧肺门/纵隔淋巴结;1例肺门/纵隔肿大淋巴结病理诊断为慢性炎症,3例病理有支气管周淋巴结转移,但CT未见肿大淋巴结,CT与病理诊断淋巴结转移不一致,与文献报道相符[10]。本组有1例CT显示左上肺巨大肿块伴左上肺静脉内瘤栓、左心房内肿块,Aya等[12]也报道过1例,体现了PSC强侵袭性。PSC可远处转移至骨、脑、肺、肝脏或肾上腺[13- 14],本组中有1例脑内转移伴骨转移,1例肺内转移。
PSC的T分期和M分期是影响肿瘤预后的独立因素[11],因此术前CT准确分期有重要临床意义。本组17例手术患者中,13例CT术前TNM分期准确;4例术前分期错误,2例CT术前分期ⅠB(T2aN0M0),术后为ⅡA(T2aN1M0);1例CT术前分期为ⅡA(T2bN0M0),术后为ⅡB(T2bN1M0);1例CT术前分期为ⅢB(T4N2M0),术后为ⅢA(T4N0M0),主要是CT判断淋巴结转移(N)分期不准确所致,而CT对原发肿瘤(T)分期、远处转移(M)分期与手术病理一致。
综上,临床上60岁以上的吸烟男性,CT发现肺外周较大肿块,伴坏死或空洞、增强呈不均匀环状或斑片状强化,有胸膜受累,无论有无纵膈或肺门淋巴结肿大,应考虑本病的可能。PSC影像学无特异性,需依靠病理,必要时结合免疫组织化学检查以便确诊PSC。
参考文献
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Computed Tomographic and Pathological Features of Primary Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
XU Xiao-li1,SONG Wei1,SUI Xin1,SONG Lan1,WANG Xiao1,FENG Rui-e2,LI Yuan21Department of Radiology,2Deparment of Pathology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China Corresponding author:SONG WeiTel:010- 69159610,E-mail:cjr.songwei@vip.163.com
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo investigate the computed tomographic (CT) and pathological features of primary pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC). MethodsThe clinical data and CT images of 20 patients with pathologically confirmed PSC were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsSolitary pulmonary mass was identified in 18 patients and multiple pulmonary masses in 2 patients,amounting to 22 masses. There were 17 peripheral masses and 5 central masses,including 11 masses larger than 5 cm. The smooth margin was identified in 9 masses,deep lobulation and/or spinous protuberance in 11 masses,and ill-defined margin in 2 masses. Pleural indentation was identified in 2 masses and pleural thickening with wide basement was identified in 14 masses. On plain CT,cavity was observed in 5 masses,hypo-density in 7 masses,and homogeneous density in 10 masses. On contrast-enhanced CT scanning,irregular ring/patchy enhancement were shown in 15 masses and slightly homogenous enhancement in 2 masses. Of all patients,6 patients had unilateral or bilateral hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. There were 16 pleomorphic carcinomas and 4 spindle cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemically,anti-pan cytokeratin antibody was positive in 13 patients,cytokeratin was positive in 8 patients,Vimentin was positive in 15 patients,epithelial membrane antigen was positive in 1 patient,and thyroid transcription factor- 1 was positive in 8 patients. ConclusionPSC has some specific CT features;however,the final confirmation of PSC still depends on pathological and immunohistochemical examinations.
Key words:pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma;x-ray computed tomography;pathology
(收稿日期:2015- 04- 20)
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.01.017
中图分类号:R814.42
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1000- 503X(2016)01- 0093- 06
通信作者:宋伟电话:010- 69159610,电子邮件:cjr.songwei@vip.163.com