话剧《乌合之众》：国王与小鸟

话剧《乌合之众》：国王与小鸟

在《乌合之众》的情节里，“正义”蜻蜓点水，杀人者只被轻轻松松判了几年。

《乌合之众》剧照

弗里德里希·迪伦马特认为我们的时代不能产生悲剧，因为悲剧要承受负罪感、渴求、比例、眼力和责任心。五世纪的雅典或詹姆斯一世的英国似乎处于一种特殊的负罪感的压力之下，或似乎处于一种体面感的压力之下，这种体面感中夹杂着某种负责任的优越感。哪里有这样的情感在流行，悲剧都是一出压轴戏。

依照这样的标准判断，《乌合之众》不是悲剧，这不是编剧或导演的责任，这是社会共谋的结果。负罪感是我们在生活中选择逃避的主要内容。因为我们的现实感从卑微中建立起来，哪怕有了再多的钱或权力也依然卑微，因为依照必须得放上台面的游戏规则，那些钱的来路可疑，那些权力的来路很难说清楚合法性，所以优越感——如果有的话——只能是装模作样，纸糊的，或是类似偷工减料的材料，比如用于制作免费发放牌照的民族主义电动汽车的材料，一下暴雨，车里的人就仿佛坐在战战兢兢的刑场。

“乌”是乌鸦，所以演员扮作乌鸦开场，表演嘴大而直，表演周身漆黑，忽略翼有绿光，乌鸦群居，树林中，田野间，吞食所有找得到的东西，乌鸦也很聪明，《伊索寓言》说乌鸦会使用工具而从瓶子里喝水，伊索这是什么意思——马克思说只有人类才会使用工具。反正扮演乌鸦的人类表演乌鸦喝水，真聪明。人类也很聪明，识时务者为俊杰，哪怕时务“乌烟瘴气”，物竞天择，适者生存，不管查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文是不是这个意思，社会达尔文主义者就是这个意思。

这就是乌合之众。乌合之众就是杂牌军，临时聚合,受惊易散，心不齐，无素养，一盘散沙？《后汉书·耿弇传》云：“归发突骑以辚乌合之众，如摧枯折腐耳。”清·东鲁古狂生《醉醒石》第十二回亦云：“外边虽有些人，也是乌合之众，不相统摄。”仿佛是这个道理。然而，“乌”也是金乌，也是比喻昌明盛世的乌阳，地中海的太阳是阿波罗，东方的太阳是三足乌，乌飞兔走，乌星暗没，终究还是一轮红太阳，乌焰舔噬四方，如果乌焰就是乌托邦。

舞台上的乌鸦扮演不同角色，他们就像阿里斯托芬喜剧中那些卡通式的形象（后者一定曾给予迪士尼公司巨大的启发）——当然，有时候也习惯性地回到斯坦尼拉夫斯基——在身份迅速变换的角色之间荡来荡去，但讲述的是一个线性的故事，如果能够通过层层审查，足以拍摄一部电视连续剧。故事起始于重庆，说的是武斗年代中一次意外的杀戮事件：一位年轻人从前辈手中接过钢枪，射倒了他也不知道是谁的一个路人，路人带着孩子，因为城里兵荒马乱，母子俩正要躲到乡下去。

杀人者与被杀者是否怀有私仇？没有，绝对没有。将钢枪递给年轻人的前辈甚至就是被杀者的丈夫。杀人者与被杀者是否怀有阶级仇恨？应该也没有。他们属于同一个阶级，代表历史发展方向的阶级，尽管这个阶级中的两个工厂正在开动坦克与大炮互相攻击。那么这一切何以发生，如何解释？

作为戏剧的《乌合之众》当然不负责解释，艺术没有这个义务，而应该承担这一义务的群体已经逃避了几十年。关于乌合之众，第二次世界大战之后，大西洋两岸生产出许多学术成果，也有一部分被翻译成中文，但是那些资料，对于我们曾经经历与正在经历的历史与现实来说，是远远不够的。

《乌合之众》中那一次意外的杀戮事件，的确让我想起了素有“行为艺术之母”之称的塞尔维亚女艺术家玛丽娜·阿布拉莫维奇的作品《潜能》：三十多年前，她与恋人相对斜立，张弓引箭，箭头有毒，直指她的心脏，弓弦与箭羽却勾在他的手中。二者之间的确有类似的问题：究竟是谁把武器交到了可能伤害你的人手中？对于阿布拉莫维奇来说，可能是爱和信任，但那份爱和信任理性吗，值得考验吗？在那件作品中，爱和信任的确经受住了考验。但是在《乌合之众》的故事里，甚至故事背后的历史中，情况又是怎么样的呢？对于那位扑倒在地的母亲来说，杀死自己的权力，究竟是如何转交出去的？

托马斯·莫尔曾经写过一本书，名字叫做《乌托邦》——真不知道英国佬为什么也要凑“乌”的热闹，描述了他所能想象的没有阶级的幸福社会。乌者，子虚乌有，《史记·司马相如列传》云：“乌有先生者，乌有此事也。”仿佛嘲笑的是托马斯·莫尔。但乌托邦的确是一个美好的梦想，既然一个人类已经梦到了，其他人类似乎就有义务去实现它。因为那个梦非常正确，哪位识时务者为俊杰的聪明人愿意反对正确呢——你还想不想喝水了？

不过，在剧中，时代骤然一变。武斗中干出伤天害理之事的人被抓起来了，尽管不是全部——男孩的父亲就是漏网之鱼，他手中也有好几条人命。男孩已成少年，他期盼正义，就像《哈姆雷特》中的鬼魂，期盼一个高于人或超越人的上诉法庭。莎士比亚的这一招学的是希腊戏剧，后者为虚空的呼喊提供了临时的公开场所。但在《乌合之众》的情节里，“正义”蜻蜓点水，杀人者只被轻轻松松判了几年。男孩继续成长，长大成人，他的人生已被扭曲，他的存在只有一种价值：复仇。既然并不存在超越于乌烟瘴气的上诉法庭，他就只能自己去干了。他的后半生都耗在里面。这就是他存在的唯一意义，否则他的存在就没有意义。这很可怕：一种存在被仇恨规定，反倒成为意义。而终极意义在哪儿呢？二十世纪。既然上帝被尼采宣布死了，爱因斯坦也发现时间不是绝对的，弗洛伊德断定所有人都是有病的，已经被人信任了十几个甚至二十个世纪的绝对唯一便不再被人信任，出现一片巨大的价值真空。看清时务的聪明人中的聪明人便跳出来假扮绝对唯一，他们成为赫拉克勒斯那样的恶魔，成为不受限制的力量的人格化，成为阿布拉莫维奇之弓的最坏情况，他们这些少数人以多数人的名义决定多数人的命运，他们为人类历史创造出无数空前的灾难，一如阿里斯托芬所说：“当宙斯被推翻之时，混沌接替了他，于是混乱占据了统治地位。”

1980年摘取诺贝尔文学奖的波兰诗人切斯瓦夫·米沃什曾经感慨，“许多欧洲国家的居民直到二十世纪中叶才痛苦地意识到，复杂而又晦涩难懂的哲学著作对它们的命运有着直接的影响”，因为有人利用那些代表美好梦想的哲学著作，“以那些美丽的普遍性理念的名义杀人”。倒在舞台上的稻草中的那位母亲就是受害者之一。

但杀人者并非只是假扮绝对唯一的形形色色的独裁者，蒸汽机与现代社会释放出来的乌合之众也是这样一出戏的出色配角，他们利用柏拉图洞穴中的火烛之影杀人，他们通过信奉斗争哲学获取存在价值。当主角通过可以快速传播的箴言来表达自己的思想，配角们也转向修辞学的研习，成为掌握了短小而简练的爆发式语句的民间修辞学家，无论他们的行为如何荒谬，也能借助带有激励群众的信息的修辞学赢得辩论，并获得充分的自我安慰。

(文/韩博，来源：澎湃新闻）

On October 19, the State Statistics Bureau released the performance list of the national economy operation in the first three quarters of 2016. In the first three quarters China’s GDP growth rate kept at 6.7%, and the rate was 6.7% respectively in the first, second and third quarters, too. Was it a mere coincidence or for the other reason?

After that, all provinces issued successively local economical data in the first three quarters. Up to October 25, more than 20 provinces and cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Chongqing and Tianjin rolled out the performance lists of economical operation. What highlights could be shown for economical development of all provinces and cities?

From the data from all industries, the real estate contributed 1,204.3 billion yuan in the first three quarters, with a year-on-year growth of 8.8%, which was the fastest-growing among industries. What did you think of the situation of economical operation in the real estate? How about total China’s economical operation? What about the situation of economical operation? Can it realize the expected yearly target?

1. China’s economy: Has L-shaped break point passed or not?

China’s GDP growth rate was 6.7% respectively in the first, second and third quarters. From the trend of GDP in the three quarters, did China’s economy touch the L-shaped bottom? The purchase management index (PMI) rose again significantly in official manufacturing, non-manufacturing and Markit manufacturing, and did this demonstrate China’s economy has passed the L-shaped break point?

2. Local economic operation: There are different highlights

Taking the growth rate 6.7% as a dividing line, the GDP growth rate of 22 provinces was higher than that of the state’s overall level in the first quarters by October 25, and Chongqing took a lead in a consecutive way nationwide. However, nine provinces has not yet get to their annual target in actual GDP growth rate, while the northeast provinces showed a fast growth or a great growth economic growth.

3. Real estate: Taking a lead in all industries, with an evident controlling effect

From the data from all industries, the real estate in the first three quarters contributed 1,204.3 billion yuan, with a year-onyear growth of 8.8%, which was the fastest-growing among industries. This was related to an overall fast growth of the real estate, and many local governments unveiled the controlling measures of real state to reduce the real estate growth.

4. How about economic trends in 2016

With 2016 going endgame, the growth rate of China’s economy in the fourth quarter of 2016 and its trend in the first quarter of 2017 have become focuses of attention. The economic institution released the forecasts of 2016 GDP data in succession.

With China’s economy stepping in the new normal, the Beijing CBD ushers in a new stage in development during the 13th Five Year Plan, that is, it is at a transition from industry expansion to industrial upgrading, and spatial expansion to quality promotion. The CBD’s important task is to build a “Quality CBD” during the 13th Five Year Plan. The “Quality” means “high Grade and Quality”, that is, the Beijing CBD will be built as not only a high-quality CBD but also a high-grade one. From the experience all over the world, the “Quality” can contribute enormous premium to CBD, and is an important intangible asset which can generate continuous appreciation. It is an essential element resulting in spatial acknowledgement, cultural selfidentify and brand recognition in society, and also a core resource forming CBD cultural soft strength, brand influence and comprehensive competitiveness.

Keeping a foothold of its foundation, referring to international experience and aiming at the world first-class CBD construction, the Beijing CBD will strengthen the quality construction in the following aspects

1. Strengthening regions greening and beautifying, and making efforts to optimize environment quality

2. Enriching multi-cultural connation, and advancing cultural quality evidently

3. Actively perfecting business mating services, and improving service quality in an all-round way

Promote the formation of the industrial synergic development system: Make a rational layout in industrial parks as a center area, to drive the functional area; provide the pertinent support services and corresponding industrial support policies and mating measures for the potential enterprises at different developing stages such as initial stage, developing stage, accelerating stage and mature stage, and furnish the professional high-quality services for driving enterprises to form an industrial synergic development system with functional complementation, synergic development and multi-point and -level supports.

Unscrambling the performance list of China’s economical operation

Building the world-class“Quality CBD”